UPSC CSE Exam 2019: Admit Card, Syllabus, Result

UPSC UPSC Civil Services Exam
3119

General Science Bullet - Systems of the Human Body - Capsule 10


General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!


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In this article, we would discuss the urinary system.


The Urinary System


  1. Also known as the renal system, it consists of the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters and kidneys.

  1. Kidneys: It is a pair of bean-shaped organs found in the posterior of the abdominal cavity (below the rib cage). The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right kidney since the right side of the liver is larger and takes more space in the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue that protects and holds them in place.

  1. Kidneys contain small filtration units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball of small blood capillaries called glomerulus and a tube known as a renal tubule.

  1. The function of kidneys is to filter metabolic wastes, excessive ions and chemicals from the blood. Urea (breakdown product of protein) together with other waste substances forms urine, which passes down through the ureters.

  1. Ureters: These are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Made up of smooth muscle fibers, it is 25 - 30 cm long and 3 - 4 mm wide.

  1. Urinary bladder: Located in the lower abdomen, it is a triangular hollow organ for the storage of urine. It is held in position by ligaments attached to the pelvic bones and other organs. The walls of the urinary bladder contract and expand to release or store urine respectively. The capacity of an adult bladder is 300 - 400ml, above which a person gets an urge to urinate. Two sphincter muscles around the opening of the bladder prevent leakage of urine.

  1. Urethra: Two in number, its length varies in men and women. The urethra is shorter in women (4.8 to 5 cm) and comparatively longer in men (20 cm). The urethra allows the urine to exit from the body. The muscles in urethra contract to propel the urine outside the bladder and the sphincter muscle relax to exit the urine through the body.


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3121

Did anyone understand UNSC adopting framework document thing?What is it? can anyone explain in simple format? I tried to read news article on it but i am not able to understand anything.please help.

3122

I am fresher and just started for the preparation of UPSc. I cannot join coaching because i am job holder. Plz suggest me books and any correspondence course for this.I have heared about distance learning course of khans study group. is it ok? 

3123

guys iam getting total of around 180 sc category do i ahve any chance

3124

guyz ,I hjave observed that the coaching for upsc costs like 1.5 lakh.is it the scenario everywhere?do they offer any  discount?

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General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!


To access all the content available on PaGaLGuY, login to http://www.pagalguy.com/


In this article, we would discuss the diseases of the urinary system.


Diseases of the urinary system


1. Urinary Tract infections: Bacterial infection in the urinary system i.e. bladder, kidneys, ureters and urethra. More frequent in women, it is characterized by pain in the lower back or abdomen area with a strong persistent urge to urinate. The urine appears cloudy or reddish. Most urinary tract infections are caused by E.coli while others that can cause are staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella, enterococcus, and pseudomonas. The medications for UTI are amoxycillin, azithromycin and other fluoroquinolones.


2. Urinary Incontinence: It is the loss of voluntary control over the sphincter muscle that leads to the involuntary leakage of urine. The incontinence is of many types like stress incontinence, effort incontinence, functional incontinence and overflow incontinence. The triggers can vary from physical stress and birth defect to unstable or overactive bladder. Urinary incontinence can be controlled with certain lifestyle changes followed by pelvic floor exercises that help to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. For serious complications, surgery and injections can recommended.


3. Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis): It is a hard crystalline mass formed in the kidney or urinary tract. These stones mostly occur in the form of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Oxalates are abundantly found in some vegetables, nuts and fruits. Dehydration and several metabolic disorders also contribute to the formation of kidney stones. Presence of blood/ pus cells in urine, pain in the groin along with burning sensation during urination are typical symptoms for the presence of kidney stones.


4. Bladder cancer: This cancer develops in the cells lining the bladder. Commonly found in older people, it is highly treatable if diagnosed early. Transitional cell carcinoma (cancer of the inner lining) is the most common type of bladder cancer found. Advanced stages of bladder cancer can lead to back pain, swelling in feet, weight loss and frequent painful urination. Combination of medication and chemotherapy can treat the cancer at early stages.

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anyone having joined coaching institute, kindly share your experience about it and benefits of it

3127

If we have consistency with our own daily schedule....and we make daily practice of tests or revision...trust me coaching ke bina aasaan se we can crack civils even....no exaggeration..................................problem is all we wont practice n mainly we wont stick to our own plans n schedules.....agar kisi inst me kisi ke schedule hi tho...vaha rahna padega as we pay money n we are bound to be there n we will read partly..................this is the diff...............if we have passion at our own place.........................actually we can save a lot of time n money..........by the way these days as internet is available....everything is available at our feet...i.e.,any study resource....so I hope I cleared something...............................................................................but an average or below avg. with no sound fundamentals at their college time/school time....should attend coaching.....             otherwise perfectly no need.....bros...                    but one thing is essential for sure...... consistency in daily -study n revision n practice...2+2+2 hrs @ 6months  is perfectly enough...........

3128

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3129

Can sb enlight me about discussions on UNSC reforms. what charters? regulations etc?

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Guys,

I have started this discussion for people wanting to participate in discussions regarding different economic and financial developments happening across the globe. You can share your personal views, newspaper articles, editorials, informative videos and many other similar stuff that can enhance our intellect across several issues.

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3131

GGuys is there any difference between integrationist and secular(ist)...plzz clear this...confused

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answer these


http://i.imgur.com/zL1Sggs.jpg?1

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Hi friendz ,Am preparing for mains 2015. Can anyone suggest the best book or photostat materials of coaching wallas for ETHICS. I have vajiram class notes and their yellow books .notes are good, but yellow books are not up to the mark..I heard some books like Lexicon by chronicle Nd a book by subbrao.Or am i go for delhi photostat material for each ethics topic ??Am in confusion . Pls help me.Thanks in advance .

3134

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3135

if Fedral Reserve increases the interest rate anytime between october and December then in order to offset flight of foreign currency out of India, India can take below steps. 1 Increase import duty on gold. 2 increase import duty on lexury items and some other items but excluding essential one. 3 Increase confidence of FPI's in Indian equity/capital market. 4 Bold decision to increase FDI in multy brand retail, defence, railways.

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RBI's draft guidlines for bank's base rate to be calculated based on marginal cost remindes me of perfect and imperfact competition market where firms/industry sell their products where their marginal cost equals its marginal revenue and firms as well as whole industry earns normal profit which is in perfect sync with Baumels's Sales Revenue Maximization model given by American economist Baumel and as per that model every firm wants to maximize its sales revenue and rather maximization of profit because any firm who will try to maximise its profit will loose its market share and sales revenue can be maximised when firm equals its marginal revenue with marginal cost MC=MR and to boost financial industry to further level and availability of cheaper credit , RBI's move for marginal cost formula for calculating Base Rate is a good decision.

3137

Hello everyone,

i have started upsc prepration for 2016!  i will have economics as one of my optional subject! i have decided not to take any coaching this year, once i will complete syllabus myself then i will go for coaching!

guys i want to know some good books on economics & also from which coaching should i buy economics material! 

or anyother diff sources from where i can get complete materials of economics!  TIA

3138


Dear Readers,

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!


To access all the content available on PaGaLGuY, login to http://www.pagalguy.com/


In this article, we would discuss the formation of landforms.

Volcanoes

UPSC

1. Tremors or shaking of the earth's crust is called an earthquake. Different parts that make the earth's crust is known as plates. Movement of these plates cause an earthquake.

2. Ejection of lava through a vent or a fissure near or on the surface of the earth is known as a volcano.

3. Magma: Molten and semi-molten rock mixture deep inside the surface of the earth is known as magma. Magma is heavily charged with gases such as carbon- dioxide, sulphurated hydrogen and small proportions of nitrogen, chlorine and other volatile substances.

4. Lava: It is the mobile magma that absorbs various gases , dust, sand particles, water vapour and rock fragments. The gases contribute in increasing the mobility and explosiveness of the lavas. The lava is of two types: Basic and Acidic

5. Acidic lava: Highly viscous with a higher melting point, it is light in colour and has low density. It has a high percentage of silica and flows slowly. The resultant cone is therefore steep-sided. The rapid congealing of lava in the vent obstructs the flow of the out-pouring lava resulting in loud explosions (explosive ejection) throwing out many volcanic bombs or pyroclasts. If the lava is too viscous they form a spine or plug at the crater.

6. Basic lava: Less viscous with a very high temperature, basic lava is dark coloured like basalt, rich in iron and magnesium but poor in silica. They are not very explosive and flow quietly. Due to its high fluidity, they flow readily with a speed of 10 to 30 miles per hour. They spread as thin sheets over a large distance before solidifying. The resultant volcano is gently sloping with a wide diameter and forms a flattened shield or dome.

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