UPSC CSE Exam 2019: Admit Card, Syllabus, Result

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shashank0603 · August 4, 2015, 2:09pm

Guys CAPF ka result kb tk aa skta hai..any idea??

vaishnavi1990 · August 4, 2015, 4:28pm

guys.. i hav a wierd question.. 😞 if someone has applied for UPSC and wishes not to giv after his/her admit card has been generated.. will it be considered as an attempt????

chelseaboy · August 5, 2015, 6:31am

Best Notes for history optional??

omidichwalkar · August 5, 2015, 9:41am

Dear Readers,

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We are posting a series of articles on 'The World Heritage Sites in India'. In each article we will discuss each World Heritage Site in India in brief.

1) India is known world over for its 'diversity' that is reflected in its geography, flora & fauna, architecture, religion, language, dance, food, music, clothing, among other aspects.

2) India dates back to the Indus Valley Civilisation (2600-1900BCE) that is considered to be one of the oldest civilisations. Thus, Indian culture cannot be defined easily because it is an amalgamation of so many cultures distinctive in nature and features.

3) India's heritage sites are a testimony of the nation's vast and diverse historical identity. The United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has recognised 32 World Heritage Sites in India till date.

4) Any place that gets the World Heritage Site tag has rare cultural or natural significance. It could be a building, monument, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake or mountain.

5) The World Heritage Site list is maintained by the International World Heritage Programme, which is administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

6) This committee is composed of 21 UNESCO member states, which are elected by the UN General Assembly for a 4-year term.

7) In the general conference of UNESCO in 1972, the 'Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural & Natural Heritage' was adopted.

8) As of July 2015, UNESCO has listed 1031 such sites from across the world. They include 802 cultural, 197 natural & 32 mixed properties and 163 states parties.

9) UNESCO has recognised 32 World Heritage Sites in India till date. The Agra Fort & the Ajanta and Ellora Caves were the first two sites that were included in the list in 1983. The latest site to be included was the Great Himalayan National Park, in 2014.

10) A total of 51 Indian sites are applied to get this recognition.

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omidichwalkar · August 5, 2015, 10:37am

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we are discussing world heritage sites in India.

1. Kaziranga National Park, Assam :

a) Kaziranga National Park is located on the banks of the Brahmaputra River in Assam. The park hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses. They can only be seen in their natural habitat i.e. this national park.

b) It was established as a reserve forest in 1908 on Viceroy Lord Curzon's proposition. The park was later declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1940. UNESCO declared it as a World Heritage Site in 1985.

c) It is believed to have the highest population of tigers among protected areas, in the world. It was declared as a tiger reserve in 2006. It also has large populations of elephants, wild water buffalo & swamp deer.

d) Kaziranga is recognised as an important bird area by Birdlife International, a global partnership of conservation organisations working to protect bird species.

2. Manas National Park, Assam:

a) Manas National Park is located in the Himalayan foothills in Assam. It covers 50,000 hectares in the plains of Manas River. It is also, a project tiger reserve, an elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve.

b) The park is home to rare & endangered wildlife species such as clouded leopard, sloth bear, Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur & pigmy hog.

c) It was declared as a reserve forest in 1907, as a sanctuary in 1928 & part of Project Tiger in 1973. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1985.

d) In 1992, the sanctuary was among 'World Heritage Sites in danger' by UNESCO's World Heritage Committee. However, the tag was removed in 2011.

3. Mountain Railways of India

a) This site includes 3 railways, namely the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway & Kalka Shimla Railway.

b) The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is also known as the 'Toy Train'. It is a narrow gauge railway, which runs from Siliguri to Darjeeling covering a distance of 88 kms. It was built by the British government in 1881.

c) The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a single-track metre-gauge railway line running between Coonoor & Udhagamandalam (Ooty). It was built by the British in 1908.

d) The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow gauge railway line in northwest India, which travels along a mountainous route from Kalka to Shimla. It was built by British in 1903.

e) The Mountain Railways of India are the best examples of interchange of values & technology. The impact of this transportation system on the socio-economic development of the region has been immense.

f) The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was inscribed in the World Heritage Site list by UNESCO in 1999. Later the Nilgiri Mountain Railway & Kalka-Shimla Railway was added to the list in 2005 & 2008, respectively.

4. Humayun's Tomb, Delhi

a) It is the tomb of Mughal Emperor Humayun located in Delhi. The tomb was designed and built by Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyath during 1569-70 on the orders of Humayun's first wife Bega Begum. It is the first garden tomb made on the Indian subcontinent.

b) It is the first distinct example of Mughal architecture with Persian influences.

c) The tomb is 42 meters in height with a double-layered central dome. The dome has a white marble exterior while the rest of the tomb is made up of sandstone with white marble ornamentation. It is the first Indian building to use the Persian double dome architecture style.

d) The tomb was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993.

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omidichwalkar · August 6, 2015, 11:01am

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we are discussing world heritage sites in India.

5. Mahabodhi Temple complex, Bihar

a) Mahabodhi (means great awakening) Temple is one the four temples associated with Lord Buddha. It is located at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, where he attained enlightenment.

b) The first temple in the complex was built by Emperor Ashoka in around 260 BC. The temple is made up of brick and was considered to be one of the oldest standing brick structures in eastern India.

c) The complex was primarily a Mahayana (one of the branches of Buddhism) site. Various Vedic deities like Shiva, Vishnu etc. are also associated with the site. The original temple built by Ashoka is believed to have been replaced by a new one built in 6th century AD, during late Gupta period.

d) Mahabodhi Temple became a World Heritage Site in 2002 & all religious artifacts found in the area are protected under Treasure Trove Act of 1878.

6. Qutub Minar & its monuments, Delhi

a) The Qutub complex is a congregation of monuments & buildings in Mehrauli, Delhi. The most famous structure is the Qutub Minar. It was built by the first sultan of Mamluk dynasty Qutb-ud- din-Aibak, in the memory of great Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki.

b) It is a red sandstone tower, 72.5 m in height, 2.75 m diameter at its peak & 14.32 m at its base. The tower has alternate angular & rounded flutings.

c) Alai Darwaza gate (built in 1311) is another noted monument in the complex and is considered a masterpiece of Indo-Muslim art. The complex houses two more mosques including the Quwwatu'l-Islam mosque, which is the oldest mosque in the northern India.

d) The Qutub complex also includes the Alai Minar, the Iron Pillar of Delhi & the tombs of Iltutmish, Aladdin Khilji & Imam Zamin. With the inclusion of Ghiyas ud din Balban's tomb to the complex, the area was developed as the Mehrauli Archeological Park by the Archeological Survey of India (ASI).

e) It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site list by UNESCO in 1993.

7. Sun Temple, Konark, Orissa

a) The Konark Sun temple was built by Narasimhadeva I of the eastern Ganga dynasty in around 1250 AD. This temple was built in the memory of this king's victory over Tughral Tughan Khan.

b) The temple is built in the shape of a gigantic chariot with beautifully carved stone wheels, pillars & walls. This temple is dedicated to Surya, the sun god in Hindu mythology. In total, there are twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels that are around 3 metres wide. The whole chariot is shown to be pulled by seven horses.

c) The temple reflects the Kalinga style of architecture with the use of Khondalite rocks. It is built in such a way that the first ray of sunrise strikes the main entrance of the temple. The wheels of the temple work as sundials, thus able to calculate the time to a minute.

d) It was inscribed as the World Heritage Site in 1984.

8. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh

a) The site of Sanchi comprise a group of great Buddhist monuments. They are the monolithic pillars, palaces, temples & monasteries.

b) The Buddhist Vihara at Sanchi is famous for its Great Stupa, which is the oldest stone structure in India. It was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. The stupa has the highest number of Bramhi inscriptions, which were discovered by James Prinsep in 1837.

c) A pillar of finely polished sandstone was also erected by Ashoka, carrying an inscription in the patterned Sankha Lipi (shell script) from the Gupta period.

d) Sanchi played a great role as the cultural & architectural symbol throughout the Maurya, Sunga, Satvahana, Kushana & Gupta dynasties.

e) The Buddhist monuments at Sanchi were enlisted in the World Heritage Site list of UNESCO in 1989.

To read the other articles in the series follow :

Capsule 1 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-capsule-1-35244697/edi...

Capsule 2 :

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omidichwalkar · August 6, 2015, 1:44pm

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we are discussing world heritage sites in India.

9. Red Fort Complex, Delhi

a) The Red Fort was the residence of Mughal Emperors for almost 200 years, until 1857. It was built in 1648 by the fifth Mughal Emperor of India, Shah Jahan, as the palace fort of Shahjahanbad, his new capital.

b) It was the ceremonial & political centre of Mughal government. The Red Fort is built adjacent to an older fort named Salimgarh which was built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. Together they make the Red Fort complex.

c) Red Fort is made up of massive walls of red sandstone and marble. The fort is octagonal in structure. The fort's buildings are representative of the Mughal architecture with the use of marble, floral decorations & double-domed structures. The fort's architecture has Islamic, Persian, Timurid & Hindu influences.

d) Red fort complex was listed in the World Heritage Sites list in 2007.

10. Churches & Convents of Goa, Goa

a) The Churches & Convents of Goa were built by Portuguese colonialists between the 16th & 18th centuries. These monuments mostly exist in the former Goan capital called Velha Goa or Old Goa, a historical city.

b) Known as 'Rome of the Orient', these monuments were established by various Catholic religious orders from 1510 onwards. c) Some notable monuments are:

i) St. Cathedral (largest church in India)

ii) Church of Saint Francis of Assisi

iii) The Basilica of Bom Jesus

iv) Church of Saint Cajetan in old Goa

d) Most of these monuments are built of laterite stone & their walls are plastered with limestone mortar mixed with broken shells.

e) UNESCO listed the Churches & Convents of Goa in the World Heritage Sites list in 1986.

11. Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat

a) Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park is located at the foothills of the Pavagadh hill, around the historical city of Champaner in Gujarat. This city was built by Sultan Mahmud Begarah in 16th century.

b) Pavagadh hill was a fortress built by Solanki kings and Khichi Chauhans. Later in 1484, Sultan Mahmud Begarah took possession of the fort & renamed it Muhammadabad.

c) This park largely comprises unexcavated archaeological, historical & cultural properties. Few important landscapes in the area date back to chalcolithic era.

d) The site also includes other fortifications, palaces, religious buildings, residential precincts, agricultural & water installation structures.

e) This site is the only complete & unchanged pre-Mughal city. It was inscribed in the World Heritage site list in 2004.

12. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai

a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly called Victoria Terminus, is a historic railway station & headquarters of the Central Railway in Mumbai.

b) It was designed by Fredrick William Stevens and formally opened in 1887 to commemorate the Global Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The station building has influences of Victorian, Italianate and Gothic Revival architecture.

c) The structure of the monument comprises impressive turrets, pointed arches & eccentric ground plan that closely resemble the traditional Indian style of architecture.

d) It is one of the busiest railway stations in India. Its former name was changed in March 1996 and it came to be known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

e) It was enlisted as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2004.

To read the other articles in the series follow :

Capsule 1 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-capsule-1-35244697/edi...

Capsule 2 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-capsule-2-35245590

Capsule 3 :
http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-3-35266672

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nileshpandey521 · August 7, 2015, 4:54am

Dear All, I am providing here the link for a site I know most of u must be aware of this but I just gone through this and found it to be usefull. At this place u could get all the documents required to prepare for UPSC free of cost all notes by classes,pdfs,books etc. Hope it turns out to be usefull for u.

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i.priyanka.mba · August 8, 2015, 4:15am

Good Morning guys

is there any whatsapp groups for GK preparation?

if not please post your mobile no here 😃

we will make new one.

maniza.siddique · August 8, 2015, 6:26am

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we would discuss the respiratory system.

The Respiratory System

1. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.

2. Upper respiratory tract consists of nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, epiglottis and larynx.

3. Lower respiratory tract consists of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.

4. Nostrils and nasal cavities are lined by cilia (hair-like structures) and mucus that filter and moisten the air before it enters the respiratory system.

5. Pharynx: Also known as the throat, pharynx is a short muscular tube that serves both the digestive system (by allowing passage of food) and the respiratory system (by allowing passage of air).

6. Epiglottis: It is an elastic cartilaginous structure that covers the larynx (voice box). Its function is to cover/protect the windpipe from food/liquid entering the lower respiratory tract.

7. Larynx: Popularly known as the voice box, it is made of nine pieces of cartilage joined by ligaments. It connects the pharynx to the trachea and consists of vocal cords that are responsible to produce sound.

8. Trachea: Also known as the windpipe, the trachea connects the upper respiratory system to the lungs. It is made up of muscles and elastic fibres supported by cartilaginous rings (prevent the structure from collapsing). The trachea is further divided into two bronchi.

8. Lungs: They are a pair of organs present in the chest region on the either side of the heart. Pleura, a membranous sac protects and surrounds each lung. Pleural fluid circulating between lungs avoids friction and enables smooth functioning. Lungs are further divided into lobes. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two, left being smaller to provide room for the heart. The two bronchi that are shaped like tubes, carry air to each lung during respiration. These bronchi split further into smaller units called bronchioles that lead to alveolar ducts.

9. Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs where the actual exchange of gases takes place.

10. Diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. During inhalation, diaphragm contracts to allow the chest cavity to expand and lungs to be filled with air.

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trivunsharma · August 8, 2015, 10:02am

One of the most awaited examination in India is the civil services examination, wherein thousands of aspirants apply every year to try their luck at the elite government jobs, mainly the IAS (Indian Administrative Service), IFS (Indian Foreign Service) and the IPS (Indian Police Service) among others. Even though the number of aspirants applying for the civil service examinations is really high, one particular division that has been marred by a low count of workforce is the IFS (Indian Foreign Service). The smaller number of IFS officers do pose a significant challenge in terms of how India manages its operations abroad and how it formulates and acts on the foreign policy with regard to different countries. In comparison to other countries like China and the United States, India only has a total of 900 officers whereas China has close to 4000 and the United states has 20000 working officials and diplomats. The fewer number of diplomats is also a problematic concerns in terms of meeting the human resource requirement for over 120 missions and 49 consulates stationed abroad.

So the bigger question at hand for the foreign service division is to manage the shrinking number of officials. And for doing so there are few problems that need to be addressed. One of the major criticism associated with the IFS is that a lot of people who opt for IFS are those who did not qualify for the Indian Administrative Service. This raises an important question over the 'elite' nature of the Indian Foreign Service as such. The restoration of elitism to the IFS division is important if India has to substantially increase the number of diplomats and ambassadors. On the other hand even the applicants need to understand the nature and status of any particular division before they choose to apply for it. Probably this calls for a more mature thinking and understanding on part of the applicants.

Another important problem that surrounds the IFS division is the lack of diversification in terms of hiring people. As of now there is just one examination i.e. the civil service test that a person needs to clear. The problem with such an examination process is that a lot of people who are hired are on the basis of their performance in the examination process and not on the basis of their knowledge about a particular area. Even the limited amount of training after the selection of the foreign service officers does limited good. The way forward could be hiring people in the way of lateral entries form think tanks, academia and other sources who have shown or made a mark in personal capacity on foreign policy issue.

There is already an ongoing debate among the various sections of think tanks and academic community about reforming the way in which the selection of foreign service officers is done. "Such debates, however, have not shown any desired result because of the adamant posturing of IFS bureaucracy. The IFS fiefdom will lose its purpose and relevance if there will be lateral entry on the basis of merit" as it has been pointed out by Dr Arvind Kumar, Professor and Head at the Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal University.

The way forward could be to select or hire people who understand the region or particular foreign policy related issues. Such a measure would not only help recruit specific individuals/ researchers on specific geopolitical regions but will also add value to the overall framing and making of the foreign policy decision. The South Block could also integrate and welcome ideas from the academic and think tank community to bring flexibility and maturity to the foreign policy administration. May be what India could do is learn from the United States where the larger strategic thinking comes from academia and think tanks which are integrated in a holistic fashion during foreign policy decision making process.

maniza.siddique · August 10, 2015, 1:04pm

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we would discuss the functions of the respiratory system and its related diseases.

Functions of the respiratory system:

1. Inhalation and exhalation: During inhalation, air taken in through the nostrils is directed to the lungs through the windpipe. The air reaches alveolar sacs where exchange of gases takes place. The alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels, which remove oxygen from the inhaled air and direct it to the heart for the process of pumping. In the process, carbon dioxide is generated which is carried back to the lungs and is exhaled out through the nostrils.

2. Acts as a defense system: The nasal passage and airways are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that filter the air before it enters the body. Mucus produced in the respiratory system traps foreign particles that move upward with the brushing action of cilia and is expelled out of the body through coughing and sneezing.

Diseases of the Respiratory System:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): It is a bacterial infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most often affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through lymph nodes and bloodstream. People in close contact with an infected person can contract the disease. An infected person propels the infection (bacteria) in air through coughing, sneezing or spitting. Interestingly, many people do not develop the disease even if they are infected. This is known as latent TB. TB can be treated with Directly Observed Treatment, Short course (DOTS) that is a six-month course of four antimicrobial drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide).

2. Influenza (flu): It is a contagious respiratory illness caused by virus. It has symptoms similar to common cold, namely running/blocked nose, cough and sore throat. However, nausea, diarrhoea, shivering and high temperature are additional symptoms that help in confirmation of the infection. Children, elders and people with low immunity are more at a risk of contracting this infection.

3. Asthma: It is a chronic (long-term) disorder characterised by inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles that leads to constricted airways and makes breathing difficult. Overproduction of mucus during an asthma attack worsens the condition of the patient. Pollen grains, smoke, dust, cold air and some chemicals, among others trigger an asthma attack.

4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD): Characterised by progressive damage of lungs with symptoms like shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, among others. Smoking is one of the major causes of COPD.

5. Pneumonia: It is a lung infection that leads to inflammation in the alveolar sacs. It causes severe breathing problems with faster heartbeat and gastrointestinal disorders. The most common type of bacterium is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia can result due to bacterial/viral/fungal infection.

6. Lung Cancer: It is characterised by abnormal division of cells in the lungs especially in the bronchi. Cancer that originates in the lungs is known as primary lung cancer while the cancer caused due to metastasis to the lungs is known as secondary lung cancer. Smoking poses a higher risk of lung cancer.

7. Cystic fibrosis: It is a genetic disease in which thick and sluggish mucus is produced in the respiratory and digestive system. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing, unusually salty sweat, poor growth, fatty stool and frequent lung infections. There is no treatment for it, however, antibiotics (to treat infections) and bronchodilators (medications that widen the bronchi and make passage of air easier) combined with physiotherapy make management of the disease easier.

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https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/D7GYQK8

kennethsingh · August 10, 2015, 2:01pm

Please fill up this survey. it will only take a minute!

devikaa · August 11, 2015, 5:42am

Howmany four digit numbers can be formed using the digits {1,2,3,4,1} such that each digit occurs at most once in every number?

omidichwalkar · August 11, 2015, 6:57am

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge and Current Affairs are an important component of many competitive exams, such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL Exam, Bank PO & other PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms/events that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better in your exams, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on important phenomena, concepts and events. Spend just 15 minutes every day on pagalguy.com and score at least 10 more marks in your General Studies paper!

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In this article, we are discussing world heritage sites in India.

13. Group of monuments at Hampi, Karnataka

a) Hampi was one of the richest & largest cities in the world during its glory days. It was the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

b) The city of Vijayanagara was heavily fortified with several bastions & gateways. Temples reflected the Dravidian architecture technique with their large dimensions, reclusive enclosures & soaring towers.

c) The city was an important religious centre housing the famous Virupaksha temple, Yantrodharaka Anjaneya temple, Vittala Temple, Hemakuta temple complex, Hazara Rama temple complex & Malyavanta Raghunathaswamy temple, etc.

d) Most of the monuments in Hampi were built during 1336-1570 AD by Emperor Krishnadevaraya in honour of the great sage Vidyaranya.

e) Besides the temples, the civil complex, elephant stables, queen's bath, Lotus Mahal, are some of the other impressive structures in the city.

f) Group of monuments at Hampi was inscribed in the World Heritage Sites list in 1986.

14. Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, Karnataka

a) Pattadakal was the capital city of Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka in the 7th & 8th century. There are in total 10 temples at Pattadakal surrounded by several small shrines.

b) Out of the 10, four are built in Chalukya Dravida style, four in Nagara style of northern India. The Papanatha Temple style was a fusion of Chalukya Dravida & Nagara. There are total nine Shiva temples and one Jaina Basedi (or Jain Narayana) temple built by Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.

c) Some of the important temples from the site are, Virupaksha Temple (largest in the area), Sangameshvara Temple, Chandrashekhara temple, Mallikarjuna temple etc.

d) Pattadakal was ruled by Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas & Sindhas of Yaramabarige (Yelburgi).

e) UNESCO inscribed this site in the World Heritage Sites list in 1987.

15. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh

a) Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are an archeological site date that back to Lower Palaeolithic era.

b) This site has 700 rock shelters, out of which over 400 has paintings. The period of the paintings have been ascertained based on tools used. The oldest paintings are considered to be 30,000 years old. Vegetable colours used for these paintings have stood the test of time and are still visible.

c) These paintings can be classified under seven different periods, namely:

i) Upper Palaeolithic

ii) Mesolithic

iii) Chalcolithic

iv) Early Historic (Period IV & V)

v) Medieval (Period VI & VII)

d) UNESCO declared them as World Heritage Site in 2003.

16. Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat

a) Rani-ki-vav was built as a memorial to Bhimdev I (1022-1063 AD), ruler of Solanki dynasty, by his widowed queen Udaymati. Reference to the construction of this stepwell can be found in Prabandha Chintamani written by a Jain monk Merunga Suri in 1304 AD.

b) The east-facing stepwell comprised a stepped corridor compartmented at regular intervals. These corridors are comprised pillared multistorey structures.

c) Rani-ki-Vav has ornate side walls with sculptures of Vishnu representing his 10 incarnations. A yogini called Nagkanya can be seen showing 16 different styles of make-up called the solah-shringar.

d) The structure is built in Maru Gurjara architectural style known for its high artistic quality. The stepwell is a single component water management system divided into seven levels of stairs & sculptural panels.

e) It was included in the World Heritage Sites list in 2014.

To read the other articles in the series follow :

Capsule 1 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-capsule-1-35244697/edi...

Capsule 2 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-capsule-2-35245590

Capsule 3 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-3-35266672

Capsule 4 :

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-4-35268871

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