UPSC CSE Exam 2019: Admit Card, Syllabus, Result

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omidichwalkar · July 25, 2015, 10:32am

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In this article we are discussing exogenic processes in detail.

a) Exogenic processes derive their energy from the sun's heat and by geothermal gradient created by tectonic factors.

b) Gravitational force acts upon all materials on Earth that are at a slant. This causes downward movement of matter.

c) Such force applied per unit area is called stress. It is produced in solids by push or pull and is responsible for breakage of rocks and other Earth materials.

d) Beside gravitational stress, there are molecular stresses like temperature change, crystallisation and melting.

e) The third type of stress, chemical stress, loosens the bond between grains, dissolving soluble minerals or cementing materials.

f) Temperature and precipitation are two important climatic elements that control these processes.

g) All exogenic geomorphic processes are collectively called denudation. These processes vary from region to region owing to climatic differences.

Geomorphic processes may also vary within any region due to: i) Altitudinal differences

ii) Wind velocities & direction

iii) Amount & kind of precipitation

iv) Atmospheric intensity

v) Relation between precipitation & evaporation

vi) Daily range of temperature

vii) Freezing & thawing frequency

viii) Depth of frost penetration.

h) Denudation also depends on the type, structure and composition of rocks. A particular rock may be resistant to one process & non-resistant to another.

i) The effects of most exogenic geomorphic processes may be slow and unnoticeable within a short time span. However, in the long run they will affect rocks severely due to continued fatigue.

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https://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-1-35012272

maniza.siddique · July 25, 2015, 1:14pm

General Science Bullet - Biotechnology - Capsule 4

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

In this article, we will learn about few more major inventions of biotechnology:

Biofuel: It is a renewable energy source derived from biological material/biomass using contemporary biological processes like agriculture or anaerobic digestion (breakdown of a substance in the absence of oxygen). It is a potential substitute for fossil fuels that are fast depleting. First biofuel was discovered in the 1890s by Rudolph Diesel, who designed an engine to run on peanut oil. Gasohol, a mixture of ethanol (derived from grains like corn, sugarcane, wheat, soybeans) and gasoline, is used as an efficient biofuel. Jatropha oil derived from jatropha curcas plant is another example. It can grow effortlessly even in wastelands. An efficient smoke-free biofuel, it also has the properties of an insecticide.

Genetically Modified Crops (GM crops): These are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material/DNA has been modified in a way that is not natural. Genetic modification is aimed at improving the quality of foods, increasing disease resistance in plants and improving the yield of crops. The first commercial GM crop was a Californian Flavr Savr tomato, approved in 1994 by US Food and Drug Administration and was genetically altered to have a longer shelf life. The first Indian GM crop to be approved was 'Bt cotton' (genes for production of natural insecticide used from bacillus thuringiensis (bacteria), hence the name). The seeds for it were marketed by Mahyco, a partner of US multinational Monsanto. Later, the sale of Bt cotton was banned with immediate effect as inferior quality seeds were supplied. Bt brinjal developed later on was also banned since it posed a potential threat to people's health.

Stem Cell research: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the potency to divide and take form of almost any other cell (phenomenon termed as totipotency). Given these regenerative abilities, research on stem cells create a new potential in the field of therapeutics and can provide better treatment options for life threatening diseases. Dr. Sayan Basu (of L V Prasad Eye Institute) claimed that stem cells can be an alternative to corneal transplantation after the successful animal study.

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maniza.siddique · July 25, 2015, 1:14pm

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

In this article, we will learn about few more major inventions of biotechnology:

1. Biofuel: It is a renewable energy source derived from biological material/biomass using contemporary biological processes like agriculture or anaerobic digestion (breakdown of a substance in the absence of oxygen). It is a potential substitute for fossil fuels that are fast depleting. First biofuel was discovered in the 1890s by Rudolph Diesel, who designed an engine to run on peanut oil. Gasohol, a mixture of ethanol (derived from grains like corn, sugarcane, wheat, soybeans) and gasoline, is used as an efficient biofuel. Jatropha oil derived from jatropha curcas plant is another example. It can grow effortlessly even in wastelands. An efficient smoke-free biofuel, it also has the properties of an insecticide.

2. Genetically Modified Crops (GM crops): These are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material/DNA has been modified in a way that is not natural. Genetic modification is aimed at improving the quality of foods, increasing disease resistance in plants and improving the yield of crops. The first commercial GM crop was a Californian Flavr Savr tomato, approved in 1994 by US Food and Drug Administration and was genetically altered to have a longer shelf life. The first Indian GM crop to be approved was 'Bt cotton' (genes for production of natural insecticide used from bacillus thuringiensis (bacteria), hence the name). The seeds for it were marketed by Mahyco, a partner of US multinational Monsanto. Later, the sale of Bt cotton was banned with immediate effect as inferior quality seeds were supplied. Bt brinjal developed later on was also banned since it posed a potential threat to people's health.

3. Stem Cell research: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the potency to divide and take form of almost any other cell (phenomenon termed as totipotency). Given these regenerative abilities, research on stem cells create a new potential in the field of therapeutics and can provide better treatment options for life threatening diseases. Dr. Sayan Basu (of L V Prasad Eye Institute) claimed that stem cells can be an alternative to corneal transplantation after the successful animal study.

Link to Biotechnology - capsule 1:

Link to Biotechnology - capsule 2:

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Link to Biotechnology - capsule 3:

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-3-35050091

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http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-5-35131807

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sumitsharma29 · July 28, 2015, 5:37am

What is Nuclear transmutation?

Conversion of solid directly into gas
Conversion of a nucleated human nerve cell into a non-nucleated one
Conversion of gas directly into solid
Conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another.

0 voters

sumitsharma29 · July 28, 2015, 5:39am

‪#‎CurrentAffairs‬

7 Indian companies, including Reliance Industries and Tata Motors, are among the world's 500 largest companies, according to a list compiled by Fortune that has been topped by retail giant Walmart.

Indian companies on the list of 2015 Fortune Global 500 are:

1. Indian Oil ranked (119) with revenues of US $ 74 billion
2. Reliance Industries (158) with revenues of US $ 62 billion
3. Tata Motors (254) with revenues of US $ 42 billion
4. State Bank of India (260) with revenues of US $ 42 billion
5. Bharat Petroleum (280) with revenues of US $ 40 billion
6. Hindustan Petroleum with revenues of US $ 35 billion
7. Oil and Natural Gas (449) with with revenues of US $ 26 billion .

sumitsharma29 · July 28, 2015, 5:40am

India has been placed at 12th position among the 31 countries in the world in terms of power (electricity) generation from nuclear source.

Present installed nuclear power capacity of India is around 5780 MW. This capacity is expected to increase to 10080 MW on progressive completion of projects under construction and commissioning by 2019.

nileshpandey521 · July 28, 2015, 9:10am

guys I have came across some of the authors for geography as I am new to this subject can u guide me with exact names of the book against each author which needs to be purchased for preparing geography as optional subject savindra singh ; majid hussain; khullar; leong

thanx in advance

omidichwalkar · July 28, 2015, 10:17am

Dear Readers,

Current affairs is an important component of several competitive exams such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO and PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the terms/concepts/events that make news is critical for aspirants. We at PaGaLGuY bring you series of articles explaining some of these important concepts/events.

In this article we are discussing geomorphic processes.

Weathering:

Weathering is an action of elements of weather and climate over Earth materials. It is defined as the mechanical disintegration & chemical decomposition of rocks due to effects of elements of weather & climate.

There are several weathering processes resulting in denudation of rocks. The processes differ from climate to climate. Listed below are three major types of weathering processes:

i) Chemical

ii) Physical or Mechanical

iii) Biological

Chemical Weathering:

a) Interrelated processes like solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation & reduction act on the rocks to decompose and reduce them to a fine caustic state.

b) These processes denude rocks through oxygen, surface and/or soil water & other acids.

c) Water & air (oxygen & carbon dioxide) along with heat accelerate every chemical reaction disintegrate rocks.

d) Let us discuss types of chemical weathering processes in detail.

Solution:

a) Whenever something is dissolved in water or acids, the water or acid along with the dissolved material is called solution.

b) Water is the universal solvent, on contact with which many solids disintegrate and mix up as suspension in water. Soluble rock-forming minerals like nitrates, sulphates, & potassium are affected by water easily.

c) As a result they type get leached out in monsoon without leaving any residue & accumulate in dry regions.

d) Minerals like calcium carbonate and calcium magnesium bicarbonate that are present in limestones are soluble in water containing carbonic acid (formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water), and are carried away in water as solution.

e) Common salt (sodium chloride) is also a rock-forming mineral that is vulnerable to chemical weathering.

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https://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-1-35012272

maniza.siddique · July 29, 2015, 10:37am

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

In this article, we will learn about few more major inventions of biotechnology:

1. Biochips: It is a solid substrate compacted with several miniaturised test sites for biochemical reactions (similar to computer chips performing multiple mathematical operations simultaneously). Different kinds of biochips have different sensors. Biochips for pH detection, oxygen detection, genetic decoders and biochemical reactions are commonly used. It is an important research tool in fields of life sciences, bioinformatics analysis, clinical research and diagnostics. Microchip implants posed a moral dilemma in case of humans, however, it was approved for administration in pets to make them easily trackable.

2. Human Genome Project (HGP): It is an international scientific research project that began in the year 1990 with an aim to obtain detailed scientific information about the structure, organisation and function of the human DNA. Coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy, the project was carried out by more than 1000 researchers across six countries (United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan and China) in 16 institutes. HGP will help in understanding the complexity of polygenic disorders and psychiatric disorders, in enhancing gene therapy and in development of pharmacogenomics (tailored therapeutic drugs according to one's genetic makeup).

3. Bioremediation: It is the use of beneficial bacteria, fungi, algae and other class of microorganisms to breakdown/remove toxins/environmental pollutants into non-toxic or less toxic versions. Effectively used as a waste management technique, it is less expensive vis-à-vis other remedial approaches like landfilling, recycling and composting. Indigenous (already existing) microorganisms or exogenous (introduced from outside) organisms are used for bioremediation. Techniques like bioventing (aeration of the soil from atmospheric air) and injection of hydrogen peroxide (adding oxygen) is used to enhance the process if indigenous organisms are used. One of the famous examples of bioremediation is clearing of oil spills on the sea surface by adding oil degrading bacteria like Acinetobacter and Marinobacter, among various others.

Link to Biotechnology - capsule 1:

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http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-3-35050091

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http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/general-science-bullet-biotechnology-capsule-4-35065432

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http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-civil-services-gk-update-physical-geography-geomorphic-3503372...

omidichwalkar · July 29, 2015, 11:11am

Dear Readers,

Current affairs is an important component of several competitive exams such as the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO and PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the terms/concepts/events that make news is critical for aspirants. We at PaGaLGuY bring you series of articles explaining some of these important concepts/events.

In this article we are discussing the types of chemical weathering processes.

B) Carbonation :

i) Carbonation is the reaction of carbonate & bicarbonate with minerals. It is a common process that helps feldspars & carbonate minerals to disintegrate.

ii) Carbonic acid is formed due to absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, soil and air into water. It acts as a weak acid.

iii) Calcium carbonates & magnesium carbonates are dissolved in carbonic acid and removed in a solution without leaving any residue. This process of carbonation results in cave formation.

C) Hydration:

i) Hydration is the chemical addition of water in minerals.

ii) Minerals take up water and expand themselves, thereby increasing the volume of the resultant material or the rock.

iii) For example, calcium sulphite absorbs water and turns into gypsum, which is more unstable than calcium sulphite. This process is reversible & long.

iv) Nonstop hydration can cause fatigue in rocks and may lead to their disintegration.

v) Many clay minerals show the same tendency and result in cracking of overlying materials.

vi) Salts in pore spaces undergo rapid & repeated hydration that causes rock fracturing (cracks that divide rocks into pieces).

vii) Volume changes in the rock also lead to physical weathering through exfoliation & granular disintegration.

D) Oxidation & Reduction:

i) The process of combination of a mineral with oxygen to form oxides or hydroxides is called oxidation.

ii) It occurs when rocks are exposed to atmospheric oxygen or oxygenated water. Rocks break down due to disturbance caused by addition of oxygen.

iii) Iron, manganese, sulphur, etc are minerals commonly involved in this process. Due to oxidation of iron, it turns from red to yellow or brown.

iv) The process of reduction occurs when oxidised minerals are exposed to an environment where oxygen is absent. Such conditions exists below the water table, in stagnated water or water-clogged ground.

v) Reduction changes the red colour of iron into greenish or bluish grey.

To learn about previous articles on Geomorphic processes click here :

a) Geomorphic Processes 1

b) Geomorphic Processes 2

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-civil-services-gk-update-physical-geography-geomorphic-3504548...

c) Geomorphic Processes 3

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-civil-services-gk-update-physical-geography-geomorphic-3506367...

d) Geomorphic Processes 4

http://www.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-civil-services-gk-update-physical-geography-geomorphic-3511103...

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http://upsconline.nic.in/eadmitcard/upsc_ac1/upsc_eac_2015/

shraddha1411 · July 29, 2015, 1:07pm

Dear PaGaLGuY Readers,

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has released the admit cards for the aspirants appearing for the Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2015 onJuly 27th, 2015. Those interested in downloading the admit cards may visit the UPSC website or

Click on the link given below -

maniza.siddique · July 29, 2015, 1:21pm

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

The human body comprises various systems, namely skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system and immune/ lymphatic systems. Each of the systems have separate functions but coordinate to build a flawlessly functioning human body.

In this series of articles, we will understand the various systems of the human body, their composition, types (if any), key functions and related diseases.

We will start with the circulatory system.

The Circulatory System

It is also known as cardiovascular system.
It is comprises the heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries).
There are two types of circulatory system: open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
Open circulatory system is where blood and interstitial fluid (fluid found between cells in the body) mix, thereby filling the cavities in the body. Examples of organisms with open circulatory system are insects, crustaceans (e.g. crabs and lobsters) and molluscs (e.g. snail and oyster)
Closed circulatory system is where blood circulation occurs between closed vessels of different sizes and thickness. Here, the blood cannot directly enter the body cavity. Examples of organisms with closed circulatory system are humans, echinoderms (e.g. star fish, brittle star) and annelids (e.g. earthworms)
Arteries are blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the entire body.
Veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the heart.
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They are responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, water and waste products between blood and the surrounding tissues.
Heart plays a critical role by supplying blood to the lungs (for oxygenation of blood) and to the body for its required demand of nutrients and oxygen.

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sunilgupta.hitk · July 29, 2015, 4:59pm

Any idea about ETEN ALS vsat classes?

maniza.siddique · July 30, 2015, 8:06am

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

Structure and working of the human heart

Pericardium, a double-walled sac encases the heart and helps in securing it in the chest cavity.
The outer layer, parietal pericardium and the inner layer, serous pericardium contain a pericardial fluid that acts as a shock absorber, lubricates the heart during contractions and movement of the diaphragm.
The heart's outer wall consists of three layers, namely epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle) and pericardium (innermost).
Internally, the heart is divided into two sides, right and left by two muscular partitions. These two sides work independently yet in unison as a double pump.
The human heart has four chambers. The upper two called atria/auricles and the lower two are called ventricles.
The right atrium and the right ventricle together make the right side of the heart and the left atrium and left ventricle make the left portion of the heart. The two sides are separated by a wall of muscle called septum.
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins. The blood is then passed on to the left ventricle and further to the aorta (largest artery of the human body) that supplies oxygenated blood to the body tissues.
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, which is passed on to the right ventricle and travels to the lungs via pulmonary artery. After oxygenation, blood returns to the left atrium to repeat the pumping process.

Important facts about the human heart:

The human heart beats around 1, 00,000 times a day.
The heart pumps around 2,000 gallons of blood everyday.
The duration of one cardiac cycle (contraction and relaxation) is 0.8 seconds.
Since the heart has its own electrical impulse, it can continue to beat outside the body if supplied with sufficient oxygen.
Echocardiogram is the equipment that is used to create an internal image of the heart using ultrasound waves.

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vk7564 · July 30, 2015, 6:47pm

Hello, Can anyone tell me some good coaching institute. I am thinking of ALS, please dont mention Vajiram as they dont even cover full syllabus

maniza.siddique · July 31, 2015, 12:28pm

General Science Bullet - Systems of the Human Body - Capsule 3

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

After covering structure and working of the human heart, in this article we will understand the composition of blood.

Blood and its components

Blood is a bodily fluid as well as a connective tissue that flows throughout the body through the blood vessels (arteries and veins).
It carries out various important functions like transportation and regulation of substances like nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products, throughout the body.
It also provides protection from infectious agents and plays critical role in thermoregulation (maintaining the temperature of human body at 37°C) and regulating acidity levels (pH).
Blood contains solid and liquid components. Liquid component is a pale yellowish fluid called plasma. It forms 55% of blood's total volume, majorly contains water (up to 92%) and substances like proteins, antibodies, electrolytes, hormones and other exogenous substances.
The solid components are Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and blood platelets.
RBCs are also known as erythrocytes. They are disc shaped, thick at the edges and flat in the centre. It is the most abundant cell in blood and contains haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin is a mixture of protein and iron. It is responsible for carrying oxygen from lungs to the entire body. The life span of an RBC is 120 days.
WBCs are also known as leucocytes. They play an important part in the immune system. Lymphocytes and granulocytes are types of WBCs that protect and fight against infections and antigens.
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes and are responsible for creating blood clot during an injury. On exposure to air, platelets release fibrinogen that initiates a chain of reactions resulting in clot formation.

For information regarding diseases of circulatory system, refer to the link below:

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maniza.siddique · July 31, 2015, 12:28pm

Dear Readers,

General Knowledge is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, understanding the concepts/terms that are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.

After covering structure and working of the human heart, in this article we will understand the composition of blood.

Blood and its components

Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

Blood is a bodily fluid as well as a connective tissue that flows throughout the body through the blood vessels (arteries and veins).
It carries out various important functions like transportation and regulation of substances like nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products, throughout the body.
It also provides protection from infectious agents and plays critical role in thermoregulation (maintaining the temperature of human body at 37°C) and regulating acidity levels (pH).
Blood contains solid and liquid components. Liquid component is a pale yellowish fluid called plasma. It forms 55% of blood's total volume, majorly contains water (up to 92%) and substances like proteins, antibodies, electrolytes, hormones and other exogenous substances.
The solid components are Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and blood platelets.
RBCs are also known as erythrocytes. They are disc shaped, thick at the edges and flat in the centre. It is the most abundant cell in blood and contains haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin is a mixture of protein and iron. It is responsible for carrying oxygen from lungs to the entire body. The life span of an RBC is 120 days.
WBCs are also known as leucocytes. They play an important part in the immune system. Lymphocytes and granulocytes are types of WBCs that protect and fight against infections and antigens. The life span of a WBC is 3 to 4 days.
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes and are responsible for creating blood clot during an injury. On exposure to air, platelets release fibrinogen that initiates a chain of reactions resulting in clot formation. The life span of a platelet is about 10 days.

For information regarding diseases of circulatory system (heart), refer to the link below:

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