GMAT Sentence Correction Discussions

I will request Puys to solve this one.I am confused between choice C and D.

Regards

Vikas



Vikas,

NOTE: This seems to be a spiral of an old OG question. The spiral has introduced an additional problem that makes the answer (that I would select) unlike any answer you would probably choose on an Actual GMAT question.

Use your 13 SC Sins list to figure out what the sentence is testing. You can find the descriptions of the rules at GMAT Test Prep Bell Curves - Business School Home. I have also described some in previous posts.

In this sentence we see:

Pronouns
SPOT: Look for Pronouns in the underlined part of the sentence.
RULE: A pronoun must clearly and correctly refer to one thing.
"Its" is a pronoun in the underlined part.
The Ing Thing
SPOT: Look for ing form of verbs.
RULE: Use the ing form of verbs for an action in progress OR to begin a modifier.
"Deciding" is an -ing form of a verb.
Prepositions
SPOT: Look for words that indicate spatial or temporal placement.
RULE: Prepositions must be used literally (e.g., over means spatially above, around means spatially encircling et cetera).
"During" is a time specific preposition.
Solution
Pronouns must clearly and correctly refer to one thing. Even though the underlined use of pronoun "it" could refer either to the chain or the policy, the use of the it earlier unambiguously has fixed the meaning for us. Therefore the use of it is fine in the underlined part.

Unless we are talking about the company or its board deciding (in the act of making a decision) avoid using the -ing form when there is a noun that describes the action. Here the noun DECISION is more appropriate.

Prepositions must clearly describe location or relative placement and so "at" in inappropriate. Unless the decision was made at one occasion and one location, there is no "at" to be at. Choice D also introduces the preposition "in." There is nothing described that could contain anything else. While the expression "in deciding" may be used in English, it violates many of the rules that the GMAT holds dear and we are concerned with belling the GMAT.

Similarly, unless the reorganization took place over a period of time we cannot use "during." One issue with this example is there is no support for the belief that this is the case other than common sense (*GMAT does not use common sense as a criteria for selecting answers). So "when," which describes a single point in time, would be better.

Using these criteria, we should resolve on Choice C as the correct response.

I hope this helps Vikas.

Success.

Hashim
GMAT-SAT-LSAT-ACT Test Prep Bell Curves
Hi Hashim,
Can you send me the link of bellcurves , where as you have mentioned , the 13 step sC method is available?
Thanks in Advance.

regards

vikas
Puys try this one-
In astronomy the term red shift denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.
(A) to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(B) to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted
(C) that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted
(D) of light from a distant galaxy shifting
(E) of the shift of light from a distant galaxy

I have restricted my choices to A/B as I found other redundant,But am not sure of the use of to which.However A sounds better because of the use of has been , indicating an ongoing situation.
However Its better if someone can also suggest the use of OF , as in option D and E.
Regards

Vikas


I think it's B.'has been' would immediately beg a question 'has been shifted by whom?'.The light 'has shifted' seems a safer choice IMO.
atnamas Says
I think it's B.'has been' would immediately beg a question 'has been shifted by whom?'.The light 'has shifted' seems a safer choice IMO.

I guess you are right. It seems to be B
In its most recent approach, the comet Crommelin passed the Earth at about the same distance and in about the same position, some 25 degrees above the horizon, that Halleys comet will pass the next time it appears.
(A) that Halleys comet will pass
(B) that Halleys comet is to be passing
(C) as Halleys comet
(D) as will Halleys comet
(E) as Halleys comet will do


Hi Guys ,
Have a look at the question.According to me the answer is either D or E.My opt is E , as it is followed by AS and is a proper clause.
Plz come up with the suggestions.

Regards

Vikas
In its most recent approach, the comet Crommelin passed the Earth at about the same distance and in about the same position, some 25 degrees above the horizon, that Halleys comet will pass the next time it appears.
(A) that Halleys comet will pass
(B) that Halleys comet is to be passing
(C) as Halleys comet
(D) as will Halleys comet
(E) as Halleys comet will do


Hi Guys ,
Have a look at the question.According to me the answer is either D or E.My opt is E , as it is followed by AS and is a proper clause.
Plz come up with the suggestions.

Regards

Vikas


It is surely D or E.I would go for E but have to admit that I can't really explain why not D.
In its most recent approach, the comet Crommelin passed the Earth at about the same distance and in about the same position, some 25 degrees above the horizon, that Halleys comet will pass the next time it appears.
(A) that Halleys comet will pass
(B) that Halleys comet is to be passing
(C) as Halleys comet
(D) as will Halleys comet
(E) as Halleys comet will do


Vikas,

Comparisons
SPOT: Look for words that logically indicate a comparison.
RULE: A comparison must be logical and balanced.
The expression "the same" indicates a comparison is being made. the comparisons is about the height and distance of the passing of the comet. So we should compare the passing of one comet to the passing of another.

Since passing is a verb, we need to compare using as and we need a comparable verb on the other side. In this case the verb "will" stands in for a verb previous referred to, much as forms of "to do" can stand in for verbs in the present tense.

"Will do" is probably redundant and so since there is no clear advantage to using the do, we should choose D.

NOTE: The GMAT has resolved this issue inconsistently in the last 6 years or so. Sometimes, questions actually use the do (theoretically to clarify that an action is taking place). But, as a general rule avoid words that do not clarify the meaning of the sentence.


We also want our comparison to be balanced.

Verbs
SPOT: Look for descriptive phrases separated by commas in the middle of the sentence.
RULE: A verb must agree logically and numerically with its subject.
The modifier in the middle of the sentence tells us to check our verbs. In this case our verbs each agree with its subject and therefore are okay.

Also, someone asked in an earlier post about this, so I added a page here: GMAT Sentence Correction Errors Bell Curves
that has the 13 rules and spots described. No examples, but you should find that this list will explain any sentence that you should choose to look at.

As always, I hope this helps.

Success,

Hashim
GMAT-SAT-LSAT-ACT Test Prep Bell Curves

Originally Posted by vikas130678 View Post
The J.C. Penny chain of retail stores broke with its conservative cash and carry policy during its 1958 reorganization for deciding to sell on credit.

(a) during its 1958 reorganization for deciding to sell
(b) for the decision at its 1958 reorganization to sell
(c) when it was reorganized in 1958 for its decision to sell
(d) in deciding during its reorganization in 1958 to sell
(e) by deciding at its reorganization in 1958 on the selling of



...

Thanks Hashim,
However Few more queries-
1.In deciding-Can you give more examples that how is this wrong.
2.I thought of option D , as it continues the idea of selling and deciding.

regards
Vikas


Vikas,

1.
Flip through the official guide look at sentences with -ing verbs in the underlined part. Then look at how often that form of the verb is in the correct answer. You will be surprised how simple and effective this rule is.

2. Selling is not an action in progress. That would only be correct if the meaning of the sentence was that someone was actively trying to get someone to purchase something.

We tend to explain things in the simplest way we can come up with. So rather than go into parts of speech, that you will never need to know again, I have just come up with the simplest articulation of HOW TO IDENTIFY and USE the patterns that exist on the test.

The objective is just to help you get answers right, not to give you a remedial English class. But, I should note that these rules also work in writing essays and general English grammar.

I hope this helps. Sorry that I missed these questions earlier.

Success,

Hashim
GMAT-SAT-LSAT-ACT Test Prep | Bell Curves
atnamas Says
I think it's B.'has been' would immediately beg a question 'has been shifted by whom?'.The light 'has shifted' seems a safer choice IMO.

someone can come with a more detail solution and plz also help in clearing the use of to which.
I also believe that the B is the right option but the OA is A!!!!!!!!!!!
Regards

Vikas

Some more....
1.In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.
(A) In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that
(B) Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about
(C) When referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety about
(D) With reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about
(E) Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety that
My choice C/E because the sentence has to be in present as decidede by the later part of the sentence.When refers to a point in time (i think its an ongoing event , so ruled out).hence E

2.Increases in the cost of energy, turmoil in the international money markets, and the steady erosion of the dollar have altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of foreign corporations.
(A) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of
(B) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than
(C) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than they have
(D) radically altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more than
(E) radically altered the investment strategies of United States and

A seems to be right .the investment of US must be compared with those of foreign corp...

3.On the Great Plains, nineteenth-century settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, doing it without timber and nails.
(A) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, doing it without
(B) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, did it without
(C) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, making them while not having
(D) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, making do without
(E) settlers homes were built of mud and grass, making do without

Pronoun It dosent seem to refer anythng/anyone in A/B.similiarly them in C.Option E in passive , so ruled out.so the pick is D.
However I am not able to understand the phrase-making do wothout.can anyone explain this???

4.Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition that they not be named in the story.
(A) that they not be named
(B) that their names will not be used
(C) that their names are not used
(D) of not being named
(E) they will not be named

Guts says A is right , however am not sure.I think after that , the sentence ust have a subject and a verb.The form not be , ????????????(one attempt-condition is the key word here.so to show proper comparision the tense before and after must be same, hence A)
Option B/C ruled out because of the use of their.
Option E also seems to be right.though I am not able to justify yyyyyyyy?

5.Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
(A) Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
(B) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, as have interest rates.
(C) As interest rates are rising, so have consumer and producer prices.
(D) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, like interest rates do.
(E) Consumer and producer prices, as interest rates, have been rising.

Option B???Any comments on the last part???is the form as+verb+subject is right?

Hashim , Your expert opinion is too required

Regards

Vikas

nitiman Says
Ya the answer is E. I somehow could not figure out whats wrong with D.


The answer is not E but D. The option E says Inventory turns over . This is incorrect usage. The correct usage is Inventory turnovers.
Some more....
1.In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.
(A) In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that
(B) Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about
(C) When referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety about
(D) With reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about
(E) Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety that
My choice C/E because the sentence has to be in present as decidede by the later part of the sentence.When refers to a point in time (i think its an ongoing event , so ruled out).hence E



2.Increases in the cost of energy, turmoil in the international money markets, and the steady erosion of the dollar have altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of foreign corporations.
(A) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of
(B) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than
(C) altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than they have
(D) radically altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more than
(E) radically altered the investment strategies of United States and

A seems to be right .the investment of US must be compared with those of foreign corp...

3.On the Great Plains, nineteenth-century settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, doing it without timber and nails.
(A) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, doing it without
(B) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, did it without
(C) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, making them while not having
(D) settlers used mud and grass to build their homes, making do without
(E) settlers homes were built of mud and grass, making do without

Pronoun It dosent seem to refer anythng/anyone in A/B.similiarly them in C.Option E in passive , so ruled out.so the pick is D.
However I am not able to understand the phrase-making do wothout.can anyone explain this???

4.Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition that they not be named in the story.
(A) that they not be named
(B) that their names will not be used
(C) that their names are not used
(D) of not being named
(E) they will not be named

Guts says A is right , however am not sure.I think after that , the sentence ust have a subject and a verb.The form not be , ????????????(one attempt-condition is the key word here.so to show proper comparision the tense before and after must be same, hence A)
Option B/C ruled out because of the use of their.
Option E also seems to be right.though I am not able to justify yyyyyyyy?

5.Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
(A) Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
(B) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, as have interest rates.
(C) As interest rates are rising, so have consumer and producer prices.
(D) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, like interest rates do.
(E) Consumer and producer prices, as interest rates, have been rising.

Option B???Any comments on the last part???is the form as+verb+subject is right?

Hashim , Your expert opinion is too required

Regards

Vikas


1.
Ing Thing (see the rules on the SC rules page)
Since referring in B/E pass this rule, we are okay with these choices.

Prepositions
Since "in", "when" an with are all inappropriate prepositions, we can disregard these choices. In means inside. When refers to a time. With means in conjunction or together. None of these is what the sentence describes.

Subjunctives
This is a use of a hypothetical subjunctive. Words that indicate opinion or belief follow this rule.

express ...that

2. I agree with you.
Comparisons
More than indicates a comparison. The things compared in the original sentence are similar and comparable. Strategies of ... those of.

Idioms

More ... than

3. Your logic is fine.
The expression is an English idiomatic expression. Not one that I can ever remember seeing on the GMAT and not a type that the GMAT would probably test. The idioms that the GMAT tests all clarify meaning in their correct usages. This idiom is just a region-specific way of conveying an idea.

4.
Subjunctive
Condition (similar to demand, expectation etc) ... that ... be ...

Meaning
The use of will ... in B and other choices puts the result in the future. We do not know that the result is occurring in the future from THIS point only that they expressed the condition.
5.
Idioms
Like vs. As
We are comparing what/how to things are DOING.
We use as to compare actions/states of being.

Comparisons

Comparing the rising of one to the rising of the other. Make sure that our comparison is balanced (on each side of the comparison).

As always, I hope this helps.

Pls provide explanations -


1.Local residents claim that San Antonio, Texas, has more good Mexican American restaurants than any city does in the United States.(A) any city does
(B) does any other city
(C) other cities do
(D) any city
(E) other cities

A and C left because of do/does construction.
D/E left bcoz comparision seems to be between rest.. and US city.
So my take B.
2.Madagascar was one of the last habitable areas of the earth to undergo human settlement, which has made it an ideal site for researching rare flora and fauna.

(A) Madagascar was one of the last habitable areas of the earth to undergo human settlement, which has made it

(B) Madagascar was one of the last habitable areas of the earth to have undergone human settlement, and that has made it
(C) Madagascar underwent human settlement as one of the last habitable areas of the earth, which makes it
(D) Madagascar, one of the last habitable areas of the earth, underwent human settlement, making it
(E) Because Madagascar was one of the last habitable areas of the earth to undergo human settlement, it is



In choice A-Which is not clearly refeering to Madagas.., It has no clear Noun , and I heard that the construction To+Noun is correct , so I am not sure of To undergo is right or not.
Confused between D/E
basis the above reason B,C are also rejected.

3.Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.
(A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries.

(B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries.
(C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia.
(D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.
(E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago.


in A them reference is not clear.
In B the modifeir is refeering to mountains rather than montaries
in C seems right
In Dmany of which?????????:detective:
in again them is ambiguous.refer to mountaineous regions or montaries.


Regards

Vikas

Puys have a look at it-

Like Haydn, Schubert wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his chamber and concert-hall music.(A) Like Haydn, Schubert
(B) Like Haydn, Schubert also
(C) As has Haydn, Schubert
(D) As did Haydn, Schubert also
(E) As Haydn did, Schubert also


My pick is d but OA is A.
Commenst plz?

Lets Rock!!
Puys have a look at it-

Like Haydn, Schubert wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his chamber and concert-hall music.(A) Like Haydn, Schubert
(B) Like Haydn, Schubert also
(C) As has Haydn, Schubert
(D) As did Haydn, Schubert also
(E) As Haydn did, Schubert also


My pick is d but OA is A.
Commenst plz?

Lets Rock!!


Comparison is between persons not their skills. hence A is correct.
Puys could you help me with the following:
1. Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A) to survive
(B) of firms to survive
(C) for surviving
(D) for survival
(E) for firms survival

OA is (B). What's wrong with A?

2. At a recent session, the French government has decided that Paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera.
(A) has decided that Paris needs
(B) decided that Paris needs
(C) has decided that Paris will need
(D) decided that Paris has a need of
(E) has decided that Paris needed

OA is (B). What's wrong with A?

3. Building large new hospitals in the bistate area would constitute a wasteful use of resources, on the basis of avoidance of duplicated facilities alone.
(A) on the basis of avoidance of duplicated facilities alone
(B) on the grounds of avoiding duplicated facilities alone
(C) solely in that duplicated facilities should be avoided
(D) while the duplication of facilities should be avoided
(E) if only because the duplication of facilities should be avoided

OA is (E). Is there a guideline for usage of "if only because"?

Thanks,
Rohit.
Puys could you help me with the following:
1. Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
(A) to survive
(B) of firms to survive
(C) for surviving
(D) for survival
(E) for firms survival

OA is (B). What's wrong with A?

2. At a recent session, the French government has decided that Paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera.
(A) has decided that Paris needs
(B) decided that Paris needs
(C) has decided that Paris will need
(D) decided that Paris has a need of
(E) has decided that Paris needed

OA is (B). What's wrong with A?

3. Building large new hospitals in the bistate area would constitute a wasteful use of resources, on the basis of avoidance of duplicated facilities alone.
(A) on the basis of avoidance of duplicated facilities alone
(B) on the grounds of avoiding duplicated facilities alone
(C) solely in that duplicated facilities should be avoided
(D) while the duplication of facilities should be avoided
(E) if only because the duplication of facilities should be avoided

OA is (E). Is there a guideline for usage of "if only because"?

Thanks,
Rohit.


1. last part of the sentence says 'Such firms tend to be very large' noun 'such' needs a subject 'Firms' to refer back to.
B does that by using firms in right manner.

a. X is required of Y to survival
b. Or Y requires X to survive.

You can't have because you can only change underlined part.

2. Decision is not a process that started in the past and is still going on. Decision was taken in the past (in a recent session). Decision could be a process.
e.g. Congress has decided to increase education spending this year. but that's not the case here. So past tense is more appropriate.

3. not sure about this one.

May I request everyone here not to post answers along with the questions? Let others try and reply with explanations. then you can ask counter questions.

Nobody loses by this approach. Hope it makes sense.
Jump in guys!

1. Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechets student and protg when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.
(A) as anyone has ever come
(B) as anyone ever had been
(C) as anyone ever had done
(D) that anyone ever did
(E) that anyone ever came

2. Dr. Sayres lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(A) relations between nations that illustrates
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
(D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate
(E) relations of nations that illustrates
3. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed.
(A) they originally seemed
(B) they originally seem to
(C) they seemingly would cost originally
(D) it seemed originally
(E) it originally seemed they would

Thanks,
Rohit.

Jump in guys!
1. Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechets student and protg when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.
(A) as anyone has ever come
(B) as anyone ever had been
(C) as anyone ever had done
(D) that anyone ever did
(E) that anyone ever came
2. Dr. Sayres lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(A) relations between nations that illustrates
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
(D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate
(E) relations of nations that illustrates
3. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed.
(A) they originally seemed
(B) they originally seem to
(C) they seemingly would cost originally
(D) it seemed originally
(E) it originally seemed they would

Thanks,
Rohit.



1 A

D,E ruled out because of 'that', B ,C - 'had been' 'had done' not parallel.So 'A'

2 C. ( I have a doubt - the usage of 'that' is a modification error? )

3 A or E . Not sure
Jump in guys!

1. Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechets student and protg when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.
(A) as anyone has ever come
(B) as anyone ever had been
(C) as anyone ever had done
(D) that anyone ever did
(E) that anyone ever came

2. Dr. Sayres lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(A) relations between nations that illustrates
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
(D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate
(E) relations of nations that illustrates
3. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed.
(A) they originally seemed
(B) they originally seem to
(C) they seemingly would cost originally
(D) it seemed originally
(E) it originally seemed they would

Thanks,
Rohit.



1. A
for comparison you use 'as as' form. so D and E are out.

In 'had been' conveys wrong meaning.

'had come' would be better option that 'had done'.

2. B.

Answer has been dicussed in discussed in last few posts.

That modifies that 'relation between X and Y' and verb agrees with singular 'relation'.

Relation between nations is wrong in C and in other options verb doesn't agree with the subject.

3. B.

This is a plain statement; a fact. so it has to be in simple present tense. as first part of sentence uses.

charter vacations turn out to cost considerably more than they originially seem to (cost understood).

Comments?
Jump in guys!
1. Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechets student and protg when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come.
(A) as anyone has ever come
(B) as anyone ever had been
(C) as anyone ever had done
(D) that anyone ever did
(E) that anyone ever came
2. Dr. Sayres lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support.
(A) relations between nations that illustrates
(B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates
(C) relations between nations that illustrate
(D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate
(E) relations of nations that illustrates
3. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed.
(A) they originally seemed
(B) they originally seem to
(C) they seemingly would cost originally
(D) it seemed originally
(E) it originally seemed they would

Thanks,
Rohit.



OA: 1-A, 2-B, 3- A.

Doubts: Q.3- I too thought (B) was correct. Any explanation why (A) is right?

Thanks,
Rohit.