my answers for GP's questions...
A few more questions :
1.
Some argue that laws are instituted at least in part to
help establish a particular moral fabric in society. But
the primary function of law is surely to help order
society so that its institutions, organizations, and
citizenry can work together harmoniously, regardless
of any further moral aims of the law. Indeed, the
highest courts have on occasion treated moral beliefs
based on conscience or religious faith as grounds for
making exceptions in the application of laws.
The statements above, if true, most strongly support
which one of the following?
(A) The manner in which laws are applied
sometimes takes into account the beliefs of
the people governed by those laws.
(B) The law has as one of its functions the ordering
of society but is devoid of moral aims.
(C) Actions based on religious belief or on moral
conviction tend to receive the protection of
the highest courts.
(D) The way a society is ordered by law should not
reflect any moral convictions about the way
society ought to be ordered.
(E) The best way to promote cooperation among a
societys institutions, organizations, and
citizenry is to institute order in that society
by means of law.
2.
Newtonian physics dominated science for over two
centuries. It found consistently successful
application, becoming one of the most highly
substantiated and accepted theories in the history of
science. Nevertheless, Einsteins theories came to
show the fundamental limits of Newtonian physics
and to surpass the Newtonian view in the early
1900s, giving rise once again to a physics
that has so far enjoyed wide success.
Which one of the following logically follows from
the statements above?
(A) The history of physics is characterized by a
pattern of one successful theory subsequently
surpassed by another.
(B) Long-standing success or substantiation of a
theory of physics is no guarantee that the
theory will continue to be dominant
indefinitely.
(C) Every theory of physics, no matter how
successful, is eventually surpassed by one
that is more successful.
(D) Once a theory of physics is accepted, it will
remain dominant for centuries.
(E) If a long-accepted theory of physics is
surpassed, it must be surpassed by a theory
that is equally successful.
Must Be True Question Problem Set
Each of the following questions is drawn from an actual LSAT. Please complete each problem and then
review the answer key and explanations.
3.
The solidity of bridge piers built on pilings depends
largely on how deep the pilings are driven. Prior to
1700, pilings were driven to refusal, that is, to the
point at which they refused to go any deeper. In a
1588 inquiry into the solidity of piers for Venices
Rialto Bridge, it was determined that the bridges
builder, Antonio Da Ponte, had met the contemporary
standard for refusal: he had caused the pilings to be
driven until additional penetration into the ground
was no greater than two inches after twenty-four
hammer blows.
Which one of the following can properly be inferred
from the passage?
(A) The Rialto Bridge was built on unsafe pilings.
(B) The standard of refusal was not sufficient to
ensure the safety of a bridge.
(C) Da Pontes standard of refusal was less strict
than that of other bridge builders of his day.
(D) After 1588, no bridges were built on pilings
that were driven to the point of refusal.
(E) It is possible that the pilings of the Rialto
Bridge could have been driven deeper even
after the standard of refusal had been met.
Contrary to the charges made by some of its opponents, the provisions of the new deficit-reduction law for indiscriminate cuts in the federal budget are justified. Opponents should remember that the New Deal pulled this country out of great economic troubles even though some of its programs were later found to be unconstitutional.
21. The author's method of attacking the charges of certain opponents of the new deficit-reduction law is to
B. imply an analogy between the law and some New Deal programs
2. The opponents could effectively defend their position against the author's strategy by pointing out that
D. economic troubles present at the time of the New Deal were equal in severity to those that have led to the present law
OAs are in bold!!
If the economic troubles at the two situations were same, then the provisions of this new law, which are similar some of the programs of New Deal, are justified. This then strengthens the author's argument and effectively weakens the opponent's stand. So Ans shouldn't be 'D'Pl correct me if I'm thinking on wrong lines
qwerty24987 SaysMy Take in Bold.
the OA's are :
1. A
2. B
3. E
the OA's are :
2. B can you mention the reasoning for why c cant be awnser.B seems to mention a part of the arguement.
I would like to try and answer that. :lookround:
It says that newtonian physics dominated for over two centuries. It was overshadowed by Einstein's theories because they were more widely accepted later on. So, the point is not that subsequent theories will always be more successful than the previous ones - rather the point is that old theories become obsolete when new facts come to light.
D....the conclusion falls apart without this assumption
the OA's are :
2. B can you mention the reasoning for why c cant be awnser.B seems to mention a part of the arguement.
I would like to try and answer that. :lookround:
It says that newtonian physics dominated for over two centuries. It was overshadowed by Einstein's theories because they were more widely accepted later on. So, the point is not that subsequent theories will always be more successful than the previous ones - rather the point is that old theories become obsolete when new facts come to light.
Option C mentions a very extreme condition - Every theory..on the basis of one example mentioned in the stimulus we cannot say that all the theories will be surpassed...hence it is out...hope it helps..
Ten out of eleven corporate managers agree that implementing Six Sigma activity in their companies will increase their efficiency and productivity levels in today's competitive world. Therefore all organizations should incorporate Six Sigma.
The author's conclusion is based on the assumption that:
a. Six Sigma is a new age solution for a company's problems
b. The statistics of ten managers is applicable to all organizations
c. Ten out of eleven managers will find Six Sigma in their operations to be greatly efficient
d. Six Sigma is an accepted method for improving performance across all businesses
e. Ten managers have tried Six Sigma in their organizations and have found it to be greatly efficient
Note: i got this question from a friend but its OA is unknown!
I think the answer should be B...from a sample set of 11 managers we are trying to draw a conclusion which will affect a lot many(all) organisations/managers...hence we assume that this sample set is large enough to draw a conclusion...
The almost universal use of antibiotics as a part of the standard treatment for a wide range of illnesses has two effects that are especially detrimental. First, treatment with antibiotics often kills beneficial bacteria along with the harmful bacteria. Second, a course of treatment with an antibiotic often gives rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria, since the bacteria that survive a given antibiotic are the ones most resistant to it, and they are the only ones left to replicate.
From the passage above, it can be properly inferred that the effectiveness of the almost universal use of antibiotics can most likely be improved by doing which of the following?
(A) Using only the most powerful antibiotics
(B) Varying the dosage of the antibiotic used
(C) Periodically changing the type of antibiotic used
(D) Very gradually increasing the dosage of the antibiotic used
(E) Raising the dosage at which bacteria are considered to be antibiotic resistant
is the answer C..OA Pls...
i think it should be A because in assumption you take the missing part into consideration link for premise and conclusion some of them opted for D but i dont think so because option D is paraphrased in passage and cannot be taken as assumption.
as for B it would have been right if the question was asked for inference as i think.
well...suppose six sigma is not a new age solution..it's centuries old but not used so far...will that effect the decision whether the organisations should implement it or not..i dont think so...
C should be the answer for this.
-------------------------------------------
Thanks,
Ashish
GMAT Faculty @ EducationAisle
GMAT - 99th Percentile, MBA - ISB
Can you explain why C should be the answer and not D? TIA.
Let us look at when D could have been an answer choice.
All accepted methods are good for organizations. Hence, if corporate managers want to improve performance in their organizations, they should incorporate Six Sigma.
What is the assumption in the author's conclusion?
Then the answer would have been:
Six Sigma is an accepted method for improving performance across all businesses (basically choice D).
-------------------------------------------
Thanks,
Ashish
GMAT Faculty @ EducationAisle
GMAT - 99th Percentile, MBA - ISB
Yep, C is the OA too ..
Checkmate for sure 😃
Hi All,
I have one doubt from OG-12 critical reasoning part. this is the 7th question in the section CR.
Traverton's city council wants to minimize the city's average yearly expenditures on its traffi c signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs, LED arrays consume signifi cantly less energy and cost no more to purchase. Moreover, the costs associated with the conversion of existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays would be minimal.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in determining whether switching to LED arrays would be likely to help minimize Traverton's yearly maintenance costs?
(A) Whether the expected service life of LED arrays is at least as long as that of the currently used
incandescent bulbs
(B) Whether any cities have switched from incandescent lights in their traffic signals to lighting elements other than LED arrays
(C) Whether the company from which Traverton currently buys incandescent bulbs for traffi c signals also sells LED arrays
(D) Whether Traverton's city council plans to increase the number of traffi c signal lights in Traverton
(E) Whether the crews that currently replace incandescent bulbs in Traverton's traffi c signals know how to convert the existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays
the answer given is A .my doubt here is that wont B be the better choice.
I have one doubt from OG-12 critical reasoning part. this is the 7th question in the section CR.
Traverton's city council wants to minimize the city's average yearly expenditures on its traffi c signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs, LED arrays consume signifi cantly less energy and cost no more to purchase. Moreover, the costs associated with the conversion of existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays would be minimal.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in determining whether switching to LED arrays would be likely to help minimize Traverton's yearly maintenance costs?
(A) Whether the expected service life of LED arrays is at least as long as that of the currently used
incandescent bulbs
(B) Whether any cities have switched from incandescent lights in their traffic signals to lighting elements other than LED arrays
(C) Whether the company from which Traverton currently buys incandescent bulbs for traffi c signals also sells LED arrays
(D) Whether Traverton's city council plans to increase the number of traffi c signal lights in Traverton
(E) Whether the crews that currently replace incandescent bulbs in Traverton's traffi c signals know how to convert the existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays
the answer given is A .my doubt here is that wont B be the better choice.
Hi All,
I have one doubt from OG-12 critical reasoning part. this is the 7th question in the section CR.
Travertons city council wants to minimize the citys average yearly expenditures on its traffi c signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs, LED arrays consume signifi cantly less energy and cost no more to purchase. Moreover, the costs associated with the conversion of existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays would be minimal.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in determining whether switching to LED arrays would be likely to help minimize Travertons yearly maintenance costs?
(A) Whether the expected service life of LED arrays is at least as long as that of the currently used
incandescent bulbs
(B) Whether any cities have switched from incandescent lights in their traffic signals to lighting elements other than LED arrays
(C) Whether the company from which Traverton currently buys incandescent bulbs for traffi c signals also sells LED arrays
(D) Whether Travertons city council plans to increase the number of traffi c signal lights in Traverton
(E) Whether the crews that currently replace incandescent bulbs in Travertons traffi c signals know how to convert the existing fi xtures so as to accept LED arrays
the answer given is A .my doubt here is that wont B be the better choice.
Hey Bro,
B is out of scope or to say irrelevant to the argument ;
Consider this analogy: Since flats in mumbai are suitable and meet my needs, hence I bought a flat in Mumbai ; Does that mean you should also buy a flat in mumbai ????
The argument is about reducing yearly costs .... now what have other cities done to do so wont help in determining what Traverton should do
Hi All,
I have one doubt from OG-12 critical reasoning part. this is the 7th question in the section CR.
....
the answer given is A .my doubt here is that wont B be the better choice.
Here's my opinion. Since it has already been mentioned that LEDs save energy, therefore, the additional criteria that would help swinging in favour of LEDs would be the fact that they last atleast as longer as the incandescent bulbs. I don't think that the fact other cities have made similar switches from one bulb to another here makes any difference. They probably havent realised the need to save energy or cut expenditure.
@Education Aisle
Ten out of eleven corporate managers agree that implementing Six Sigma activity in their companies will increase their efficiency and productivity levels in today's competitive world. Therefore all organizations should incorporate Six Sigma.
The author's conclusion is based on the assumption that:
a. Six Sigma is a new age solution for a company's problems this can be probable assumption so that would be the obvious reason why 10 out 11 managers opt for six sigma activity.
c. Ten out of eleven managers will find Six Sigma in their operations to be greatly efficient. .i suppose assumption means a missing link between premise and conclusion and i dont find anything missing link with this option if you compare this option with the part in stem question i marked in bold i dont think there is any difference!!
ithink A should be the awnser!
Ummmm...
About the question stimuli ....
Premise: 10/11 (90.9%) of the managers agree to the fact that implementing SIX Sigma helps
Conclusion: So every manager should implement Six Sigma
Assumption: SIX Sigma will continue to be a successful model and will always satisfy 90.9% of the managers implementing it
When you assume A you say that Why is the premise true ..Not but why conclusion is true ... I believe A introduces a lot of new terms - New age solution, Company's problems etc.
Cheers!
Bold face arguments: historians
Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600s are remarkably complete. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a villages population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.
In the historians argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first supplies a context for the historians argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.
B. The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.
C. The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.
D. The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.
E. The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question.
IMO C .. Second boldface is the conclusion and only option C says that ...
Bold face arguments: historians
Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600s are remarkably complete. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a villages population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.
In the historians argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first supplies a context for the historians argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.
B. The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.
C. The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.
D. The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.
E. The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question.
my ans:A. The first supplies a context for the historian's argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.
Everyone who has graduated from TopNotch High School has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of over 120. Most students with an IQ of over 120 and all students with an IQ of over 150 who apply to one or more Ivy League universities are accepted by at least one of them.
The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?
a)Every graduate of TopNotch High School with an IQ of 150 has been accepted by at least one Ivy-League university.
b)If a person is a high-school graduate and has an IQ of less than 100, he or she could not have been a student at TopNotch High School.
c)If a person has an IQ of 130 and is attending an Ivy-League university, it is possible for him or her to have graduated from TopNotch High School.
d)At least one graduate from TopNotch high school who has applied to at least one Ivy-League university has been accepted to one of them.
e)If a high-school graduate has an IQ of 150 and is not attending an Ivy-League university, then he or she did not apply to one of them.
Everyone who has graduated from TopNotch High School has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of over 120. Most students with an IQ of over 120 and all students with an IQ of over 150 who apply to one or more Ivy League universities are accepted by at least one of them.
The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?
a)Every graduate of TopNotch High School with an IQ of 150 has been accepted by at least one Ivy-League university.
b)If a person is a high-school graduate and has an IQ of less than 100, he or she could not have been a student at TopNotch High School.
c)If a person has an IQ of 130 and is attending an Ivy-League university, it is possible for him or her to have graduated from TopNotch High School.
d)At least one graduate from TopNotch high school who has applied to at least one Ivy-League university has been accepted to one of them.
e)If a high-school graduate has an IQ of 150 and is not attending an Ivy-League university, then he or she did not apply to one of them.
between C and D, i'll go with C...pl provide explanations also when you give OA..
The Board of Directors of the Lejon Etymological Museum imposed a 50-cent admission charge in order to reduce the Museum's deficit. Attendance remained stable and there was no protest from the public, so, six months later, the Museum announced that the admission price would go up to $1.50.
It can be inferred that, in increasing the admission charge to $1.50, the Board of Directors assumed that:
A) People did not protest the initial charge because they felt it was necessary to keep the Museum in operation
B)Since people did not protest the initial charge, they will also accept the raised price
C)Since $1.50 is three times the original charge, it is probable that attendance will drop as the public protests the increase
D)The increased revenue from admissions will enable the Museum to expand its operations
E) Tripling the admission cost every six months will not cause a drop in attendance
My take is B