[Unhappy_Demon]

Originally Posted by unhappy_demon

try this rc...

Jon clark's study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: Technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: Technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus clark helps answer the question: "when is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

question:

The primary purpose of the passage is to
a. Advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change
b. Discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange
c. Consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change
d. Challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism
e. Suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations

the information in the passage suggests that clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?
A. Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.
B. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
C. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
D. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
E. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.

The author of the passage uses the expression "are supposed to" primarily in order to
a. Suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
b. Define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
c. Engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists
d. Lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists
e. Contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?
A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.
B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.
C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism


oa to follow...

oa:
C
b
b
c

[Unhappy_Demon]

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

[soniek]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

oa:
C
b
b
c

Could you give the reasons as well?

[soniek]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

answer is (e)

[gangal.puneet]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

my take (E)

[rgblogs]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

Correct Option: E

[diva_nehakapoor]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

should be E

[Unhappy_Demon]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

try this ...

During her lecture the speaker used map to clarify directional terms, for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable that winds are designated by the direction from which they come.
(A) for not everyone in attendance was knowledgeable
(B) for everyone in attendance did not know
(C) with everyone in attendance not knowing
(D) with everyone attending not knowledgeable
(E) for not everyone attending knew


OA to follow...

OA is E

good to see all of you have cracked this .... good work....well done.

can anybody share the reasoning ? or its just sounds good

[Unhappy_Demon]

try this ...

SC

Pensions are now viewed as a deferred payment of salary, money a worker is compelled to put away to take care of one’s later years.
(A) a worker is compelled to put away to take care of one’s
(B) that a worker is compelled to put away to take care of oneself in
(C) a worker is compelled to put away to take care of oneself in
(D) workers are compelled to put away to take care of them in
(E) workers are compelled to put away to take care of themselves in


Vocab:
put away
to save, esp. for later use: to put away a few dollars each week.



try this..

CR

The sense of delayed gratification, of working now for later pleasure, has helped shape the economic behavior of our society. However, that sense is no longer nurtured as consistently in our children as it once was. For example, it used to take a bit of patience to put together the toys that children got in cereal boxes; now the toys come from the boxes whole.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the argument?

A. The toys in cereal boxes have changed partly because the economic conditions of our society have improved.

B. The influence of promotion gimmicks on the economic behavior of our society has increased over the years.

C. The toys that used to come in cereal boxes were put together by the same children who played with them.

D. Part of the pleasure of any toy lies in putting the toy together before playing with it.

E. Today's children do not expect a single toy to provide pleasure for a ling period of time.

vocab:
gratification = satisfaction

[deepakraam]

Originally Posted by Unhappy_Demon

CR
The sense of delayed gratification, of working now for later pleasure, has helped shape the economic behavior of our society. However, that sense is no longer nurtured as consistently in our children as it once was. For example, it used to take a bit of patience to put together the toys that children got in cereal boxes; now the toys come from the boxes whole.

Which of the following is an assumption made by the argument?

A. The toys in cereal boxes have changed partly because the economic conditions of our society have improved.

B. The influence of promotion gimmicks on the economic behavior of our society has increased over the years.

C. The toys that used to come in cereal boxes were put together by the same children who played with them.

D. Part of the pleasure of any toy lies in putting the toy together before playing with it.

E. Today's children do not expect a single toy to provide pleasure for a ling period of time.

My take for the above prblm wud be : E.

-Deepak.