hlo friends...can u plzz provide details of some good online coaching sources....as i am new to upsc ...nd want guidance on my preparation .......i live farby from Delhi nd dere is no coaching institues available here so i have to rely on online coaching itself....plzz provide ur valuable suggestions....??
GK Update - The decline of the Mughal empire - Part 1
Dear Readers,
Current Affairs is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, an understanding of the concepts/terms are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.
In this article we will discuss the later Mughal rulers, the
decline and disintegration of the dynasty during the first half of the 18th
century.
The death of the sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 was the beginning of the Mughal empire's collapse. During his nearly 50-year reign, Aurangzeb adopted many harmful policies that shook the unity and stability of the empire. However, till his death, the Mughal administration was quite efficient and its army was strong enough to rule over India.
Bahadur Shah I:
1. After his death, Aurangzeb's three sons, namely Muhammad Azam Shah, Kam Baksh and Bahadur Shah I, fought for the throne. In the end, the 65-year-old Bahadur Shah was triumphant in claiming his right to the throne.
2. He was learned and dignified and tried to undo Aurangzeb's narrow-minded policies.
3. Political policies:
a) Rajputs:
● Initially, he tried to take control of Rajpur states of Amber and Marwar by replacing Jai Singh of Amber by his younger brother Vijay Singh.
● He also forced Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar (Jodhpur) to yield to Mughal authority. He also attempted to garrison both Amber and Jodhpur.
● However, due to strong resistance, Jai Singh and Ajit Singh were reinstated as rulers of the states.
b) Marathas:
● Bahadur Shah granted Sardeshmukhi of the Deccan to Marathas but he denied them Chauth.
● Further, he did not recognise Shahu as rightful Maratha king and kept Tara Bai (of Satara) and Shahu (Kolhapur) busy fighting with themselves for supremacy to prevent them from collectively raising arms against the Mughal sultanate. As a result, disorder reined in the region.
c) Sikhs:
● He gave Sikh Guru Gobind Singh a high mansab (rank) in order to make peace with the Sikhs.
● But soon after the death of Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikhs, led by Banda Bahadur, revolted and took control of the area between Sutlej and Jamuna.
● He tried to take a firm military action against the rebels and succeeded in capturing the Lohgarh fort, which was built by Guru Gobind Singh. However, Sikh rebels recaptured the fort from Mughals in 1712.
d) Other powers:
● Bahadur Shah succeeded in making peace with Bundela chief Chhatrasal.
● He also allied with Jat king Churaman in a war against Sikh rebels led by Banda Bahadur.
4. Bahadur Shah I had a weak hold over state administration and expenses. The administrative and economic position of Mughals worsened due to reckless grants of jagirs and promotions.
5. Before he could set it right, he died in 1712 AD.
Jahandar Shah:
1. After the death of Bahadur Shah I, his son Jahandar Shah sat the throne with the support of the most powerful noble of Mughal court- Zulfiqar Khan, who became Shah's wazir and took control of the empire's administration.
2. Political policies: Zulfiqar Khan reversed Aurangzeb's policies beginning with the abolishment of jizya (religious tax).
a) Rajputs:
● Jay Singh, the Rajput king of Amber, was given the title of Mirza Raja Sawai and also appointed as the governor of Malwa.
● The Maharaja title was conferred on Rajput king of Marwar, who was appointed as the governor of Gujarat.
b) Marathas:
● Daud Khan Panni, the deputy of the Mughals in Deccan concluded an agreement with Maratha King Sahu in 1711.
● Zulfikar Khan recognised this agreement and granted Sardeshmukhi and Chauth of the Deccan to Sahu.
c) Other Powers:
● Zulfikar Khan also continued the policy of appeasement towards Jat king Churaman and Bundela king Chhatrasal.
● He continued the policy of military suppression against Banda Bahadur and the Sikh rebels.
4. Economic policies:
● Khan kept a check on the growth of jagirs and offices in order to improve financial stability of the empire.
● He tried to compel mansabdars to maintain official quota of troops so as to reduce excessive expenses.
● However, he started the evil tradition of ijarah or revenue farming.
● As opposed to collecting revenue at a fixed rate based on Todar Mal's land revenue settlement, the Mughal government started to make contracts with revenue farmers and middlemen to pay a fixed amount of revenue to government. Whereas these middlemen were free to extract any amount of revenue from farmers.
Hi aspirants....is there any Whatsapp group 4 upsc ppn here ??
Hello everyone! I am new to public service commission xams and hv recently filled for UPPCS upper subordinate vacancies.. Pls help me with course material of pre & mains.. P.s. my optional subject is managmnt!
can any one tell me wen is the notice of pre exam is there in which month
UPSC Civil Services 2015 Mains examination result declared
Union Public Service Commission has released Civil Services 2015 Mains exam result. The Civil Services 2015 Mains examination was held n from 18th to 23rd December, 2015. In this result, UPSC has provided the list of all the shortlisted candidates for Interviews.
Date of Interview : The Interviews are likely to be commenced from 8th March, 2016.
Venue :
Union Public Service Commission
Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
New Delhi-110069
Detailed program for the Personality Test will be uploaded on the Commission's website
The e-Summon letters will be made available on the Commission's website.
To check the detailed result and the list of shortlisted candidates for interviews, refer to the following link :
https://www.scribd.com/doc/299794579/wr-csm-2015-eng
General Knowledge Bullet
We are providing you with links for articles on static gk Notes (Art & culture, science, geography, etc.) on this group. These articles will help you in your exam preparation.
Here is the link for 'Disorders in Human Body Capsule 1'
Seniors pls guide...
what should i study for geography prelims&mains?
I m studying
1. GC Leong Part-1 : Physical Geography
2. Class 11th- India : physical environment
3. Class 12th human Geo
4. Class 12th India - people and economy
what else is needed?
Please explain me UDAY in simple terms. I am not able to understand the scheme. Thanks in advance
Dear Readers,
General studies is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, an understanding of the concepts/terms are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.
In this article we will discuss the later Mughal rulers, the decline and disintegration of the dynasty during the first half of the 18th century.
Farrukh Siyar:
1. With the help of Sayyid brothers, namely Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan, Farrukh Siyar ascended the throne by defeating his uncle Jahandar Shah at Agra in January 1713.
2. The brothers were subsequently given the posts of wazir and mir bakshi in the Mughal court.
3. Siyar was a weak ruler, but he could not yield to the rising dominance of the Sayyids in the Mughal court.
4. What followed was a struggle for power, with Farrukh Siyar attempting and failing to oust the Sayyid brothers. They deposed and killed Farrukh Siyar in 1719.
Sayyid Brothers:
1. After this, the Sayyid brothers raised two minor princes to the Mughal throne, namely Rafi-us-Shan and Rafi-ul-Darjat, who died prematurely.
2. They then made the 18-year-old Mohammad Shah (Roshan Gauhar) the ruler of the Mughal empire.
3. The kings were a mere puppet in the hands of the brothers, who claimed complete command over the Mughal administration until 1720 when they were overthrown.
4. Political Policies:
a) Sayyid brothers adopted the policy of religious tolerance towards Rajput and Maratha rulers. The aim was to gain the rulers' support and fight Farrukh Siyar and other rival nobles in the Mughal court.
b) They completely abolished the jizyah and also put an end to the pilgrim tax in many places.
c) They won over Ajit Singh of Marwar and Jai Singh of Amber by granting them positions of high influence in the administration.
d) They also allied with the Jat chief Chauraman.
f) The Sayyids granted Swarajya to the Maratha king Sahu along with the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi of the six provinces of Deccan. In return, Sahu assented to buttress their military might in Deccan with 15,000 mounted soldiers.
5. Economic Policies:
a) The Sayyid brothers failed to control the breakdown of the administration and state economy, which was a result of endless political rivalry and conspiracies in the Mughal court.
b) Due the lack of firm administration there was extreme lawlessness and disorder in Mughal empire.
c) The revenue farming practice started by Zulfikar Khan spread all across the empire, thereby worsening the position of the state treasury. While Zamindars and other rebellious elements refused to pay revenues, state officials embezzled revenues.
d) As state funds depleted, soldiers could not be paid salaries. As a result, the Mughal army became indisciplined and mutinous.
6. Nobles headed by Nizam-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Amin Khan started to conspire against Sayyid brothers as they had assumed immense power after the overthrow of Farrukh Siyar. Nobles in the Mughal court despised the brothers' policy of religious tolerance towards Rajputs and Marathas. They thus declared the Sayyids to be anti-Mughal and anti-Islamic.
7. Nizam-ul-Mulk orchestrated the assassination of Hussain Ali khan, the younger of the two brothers, in 1720. He later defeated Abdullah Khan near Agra. With this, the domination of 'king makers' in Indian history ended.
If someone haven't studied any optional during graduation then how should he choose the optional subject? Can he/she go for generally popular & easily understandable subjects like public administration or sociology?
what all to study frim Indian Year Book 2016?? only found few chapters worth spending time on.. like geo, polity, environment, national events 2015.. culture doesnt have much.. what all is important?
Modern Indian History : The decline of Mughal Empire part 3
Dear Readers,
General studies is an important component for most competitive exams, namely the UPSC Civil Services Examination, SSC CGL, Bank PO & PSU entrance tests, etc. Therefore, an understanding of the concepts/terms are significant in our daily lives is critical for aspirants. To make your preparation easier and to help you score better, we at PaGaLGuY bring you brief articles on trending phenomena and concepts.
In this article we will discuss the later Mughal rulers, the decline and disintegration of the dynasty during the first half of the 18th century.
Muhammad Shah :
After the end of Sayyid Brothers, the command of Mughal administration was in the hands of Mughal king Muhammad Shah. He made Nizam-ul-Mulk as his wazir in 1922.
- Muhammad Shah was a weak king and he found solace in luxurious life. He neglected the deteriorating position of administration and economy of Mughal empire. Evidently, his pen name was Sada Rangila (ever joyous). Due to this, he is many times denoted as Muhammad Shah Rangila.
- Muhammad Shah was under the influence of corrupt nobles in the court. many times he even shared the bribes accepted by these corrupt nobles.
- The Mughal administration under the command of Muhammad Shah worsened further very quickly. His wazir Nizam-ul-Mulk tried to reform and save the empire from falling into the ruins.
- Due to the constant quarrels at court and unsupporting & suspicious nature of emperor, he left the office of wazir and marched towards south to carve out a state of Hyderabad in the Deccan.
- In the absence of wazir Nizam-ul-Mulk, the hereditary nawabs and local zamindars became rebellious and started to challenge the Mughal authority.
- During this period, the Maratha power was on rise and they have begun their northern expansion by raiding Malwa, Gujarat & Bundelkhand.
Attack of Nadir Shah (1738) :
- The ruler of Persia, Nadir Shah was attracted towards the immense wealth of Mughals. Due to his continuous military campaigns the Persian empire was on the verge of bankruptcy. Nadir Shah needed large sum of wealth to maintain his army of mercenaries.
- Nadir Shah easily acquired Kandahar & Lahore without any firm resistance from Mughals. Muhammad Shah completely failed to understand the gravity of the situation and when he did, Nadir Shah's forces have already reached near Delhi.
- Eventually, Nadir Shah met with Mughal armies in the battle of Karnal in 1739 & Nadir Shah easily defeated Mughal forces. Muhammad Shah was taken prisoner and brought back to Delhi.
- Nadir Shah massacred many citizens of Delhi. He took the possession of royal treasury and property. Most importantly, he took the Koh-i-Noor diamond and Shahjahan's jewel studded Peacock throne back to Persia.
- He made Muhammad Shah to cede the provinces of the empire west of the river Indus.
- Consequences of Nadir Shah's campaign :
- Nadir Shah's easy victories over the mighty Mughal empire shattered the prestige of Mughal prowess. It exposed the weakened core of Mughal empire to the newly rising powers like Marathas & foreign trading companies in India.
- The Mughal provinces west of the Indus river were ceded to the Persian empire which kept open the possibilities of invasion on Delhi from west.
- Lack of firm administration by a central authority made petty jagirdars and local kings more courageous and rebellious.
- These landlords and jagirdars grown reckless and they started to oppress peasantry to recover wealth. They even fought between each other for jagirs and high positions in court.
7. Muhammad Shah died in 1748 keeping a rapidly deteriorating empire to fight for by power hungry nobles and princes.
Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions :
- Ahmad Shah Abdali was the founder of Durrani empire in the modern state of Afghanistan. He was Nadir Shah's general who have succeeded in taking over of the region of Afghanistan after the Nadir Shah was murdered in Persia in 1747.
- Ahmad Shah Abdali raided India seven times from 1748 to 1767. Abdali decisively defeated Marathas in the Third battle of Panipat and gave a crushing blow to rising Maratha power.
- The defeat of Marathas in the third battle of Panipat crushed their dreams to dominate the Mughal empire and control the country.
- Abdali invasion gave the final blow to the already ruined Mughal empire to that extent that after 1761, Mughals ceased to exist as an all India empire.
Shah Alam II :
- Shah Alam II took over the command of Mughal empire in 1759. He was put on throne by Sadashivrao Bhau while Maratha forces were marching towards Afghan army of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
- He joined Mir Qasim of Bengal & Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in 1764 against the forces of East India company. Soon after losing the battle of Buxar he lived in Allahabad as a pensioner of East India company.
- He later returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection of Maratha Sirdar Mahadaji Scindia.
- But East India Company occupied the complete administration of Delhi in 1803. From 1803 - 1857 the remaining Mughal emperors served only as mere political front for Britishers.
- The major consequence of the fall of Mughals is the rise of new political powers from Europe. European powers also brought new socio economic order in India which impacted the coming centuries. It was the beginning of colonial era in India.
Jnusu leader was asked to approach Hight court first under article 32(constitutional remedies) on sedition charges whereas in book-laxmikant it is written that one can move SC if his any of his fundamental rights are violated and SC said that in order to avoid this to be made as practice one should approach High court first, but as per constitution SC is protector of fundamental rights, although i am aware that High cours has also jurisdiction to hear writs for violation of fundamental rights, the only thing which i can understand that SC has give chance to agrieved person a right of appeal,means one first can go to High Court and if not satisfied with decision can appeal to SC, This is something appreciable.
What was the cutoff for UPSC CSAT 2015 ?
How to start preparation for upsc? And also tell me which book should i prefer?
Why this thread is so silent?
Do u ppl think it is a good strategy to contain fiscal deficit under limit of 3.9% of GDP when domestic demand is down, exports are declining for the last 13 months, IIP is on declining fase, Agriculture growth is also low and thre is a recession in global mkt. And china's currency devaluation and all these in total will further slow the economy.
Is there any modification in no of attempts and age limit for upcoming UPSC civil service exam2016 ?
Important interviw tips of upsc