1. Anders: The physical.............option A
2. Columnist: George Orwells bo......OPTION E
3. Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmer....option c
4. For next year, the Chefs U.........option b
5.Galanin is a prot.....option d
1. Anders: The physical structure of the brain plays an important role in thinking. So researchers developing "thinking machines"-computers that can make decisions based on both common sense and factual knowledge-should
closely model those machines on the structure of the brain.
Yang: Important does not mean essential. After all, no flying machine closely modeled on birds has worked;workable aircraft are structurally very different from birds. So thinking machines closely modeled on the brain are also likely to fail. In developing a workable thinking machine, researchers would therefore increase their chances of success if they focus on the brain's function and simply ignore its physical structure.
In evaluating Yang's argument it would be most helpful to know whether
A. studies of the physical structure of birds provided information crucial to the development of workable aircraft
B. researchers currently working on thinking machines take all thinking to involve both common sense and factual
knowledge
C. as much time has been spent trying to develop a workable thinking machine as had been spent in developing the
first workable aircraft
D. researchers who specialize in the structure of the brain are among those who are trying to develop thinking
machines
E. some flying machines that were not closely modeled on birds failed to work
2. Columnist: George Orwell's book 1984 has exercised much influence on a great number of this newspaper's readers. One thousand readers were surveyed and asked to name the one book that had the most influence on
their lives. The book chosen most often was the Bible; 1984 was second. The answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the columnist's argument?
A. How many books had each person surveyed read?
B. How many people chose books other than 1984?
C. How many people read the columnist's newspaper?
D. How many books by George Orwell other than 1984 were chosen?
E. How many of those surveyed had actually read the books they chose?
3. Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmers on the market do an adequate job of trimming hedges, but many power hedge trimmers are dangerous to operate and can cause serious injury when used by untrained operators.
Bolter Industries' hedge trimmer has been tested by National Laboratories, the most trusted name in safety testing. So you know, if you buy a Bolter's, you are buying a power hedge trimmer whose safety is assured. The answer to which one of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the truth of the conclusion drawn in the advertisement?
A. Has National Laboratories performed safety tests on other machines made by Bolter Industries?
B. How important to the average buyer of a power hedge trimmer is safety of operation?
C. What were the results of National Laboratories' tests of Bolter Industries' hedge trimmer?
D. Are there safer ways of trimming a hedge than using a power hedge trimmer?
E. Does any other power hedge trimmer on the market do a better job of trimming hedges than does Bolter Industries'
hedge trimmer?
4. For next year, the Chefs' Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers' Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts
demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs' Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers' Union. Which one of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?
A. The Chefs' Union has many more members than does the Hotel Managers' Union.
B. The Chefs' Union is a more powerful union than is the Hotel Managers' Union and is therefore more likely to obtain the salary increases it requests.
C. The current salaries of the members of the Chefs' Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers' Union.
D. The average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Chefs' Union received last year was equal to the average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Hotel Managers' Union received.
E. The members of the Chefs' Union received salary increases of 10 percent in each of the last two years, while the members of the Hotel Managers' Union received salary increases of only 8 percent in each of the last two years.
5.Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods. Which one of the following, if true, most supports the argument?
A. The craving for fatty foods does not invariably result in a rat's choosing those foods over lean foods.
B. The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently chose lean foods.
C. The chemical components of galanin are present in both fatty foods and lean foods.
D. The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.
E. Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do other rats develop high concentrations of galanin in their brains.
6. Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence of headaches,fatigue, and shortness of breath. Each of the following, if true, strengthens the toxicologist's argument EXCEPT:
A. Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with MBTE do not have serious health problems involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
B. Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health.
C. Since the time when gasoline containing MBTE was first introduced in a few metropolitan areas, those areas reported an increase in the number of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
D. Regions in which only gasoline containing MBTE is used have a much greater incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath than do similar regions in which only MBTE- free gasoline is used.
E. The oil-refinery workers surveyed were carefully selected to be representative of the broader population in their medical histories prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in other relevant respects.
7. Medical doctor: Sleep deprivation is the cause of many social ills, ranging from irritability to potentially dangerous instances of impaired decision making. Most people today suffer from sleep deprivation to some degree. Therefore
we should restructure the workday to allow people flexibility in scheduling their work hours. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the medical doctor's argument?
A. The primary cause of sleep deprivation is overwork.
B. Employees would get more sleep if they had greater latitude in scheduling their work hours.
C. Individuals vary widely in the amount of sleep they require.
D. More people would suffer from sleep deprivation today than did in the past if the average number of hours worked per week had not decreased.
E. The extent of one's sleep deprivation is proportional to the length of one's workday.
8.According to the theory of continental drift, in prehistoric times, many of today's separate continents were part of a single huge landmass. As the plates on which this landmass rested began to move, the mass broke apart, and ocean water filled the newly created chasms. It is hypothesized, for example, that South America was once joined on its east coast with what is now the west coast of Africa. Which one of the following discoveries, if it were made, would most support the above hypothesis about South America and Africa?
A. A large band of ancient rock of a rare type along the east coast of South America is of the same type as a band on the west coast of Africa.
B. Many people today living in Brazil are genetically quite similar to many western Africans.
C. The climates of western Africa and of the east coast of South America resemble each other.
D. Some of the oldest tribes of people living in eastern South America speak languages linguistically similar to various languages spoken by certain western African peoples.
E. Several species of plants found in western Africa closely resemble plants growing in South America.
9.Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth's ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
10. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today's commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers. Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?
A. After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.
B. When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.
C. No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passengerowned electronic devices on board.
D. Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.
E. Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular
all d best...:cheerio:
Dipak
1)A 2)E 3)C 4)D 5)E 6)E 7)B
A 9)D 10)E:lookround:
1. Anders: The physical structure of the brain plays an important role in thinking. So researchers developing thinking machinescomputers that can make decisions based on both common sense and factual knowledgeshould
closely model those machines on the structure of the brain.
Yang: Important does not mean essential. After all, no flying machine closely modeled on birds has worked;workable aircraft are structurally very different from birds. So thinking machines closely modeled on the brain are also likely to fail. In developing a workable thinking machine, researchers would therefore increase their chances of success if they focus on the brains function and simply ignore its physical structure.
In evaluating Yangs argument it would be most helpful to know whether
A. studies of the physical structure of birds provided information crucial to the development of workable aircraft
B. researchers currently working on thinking machines take all thinking to involve both common sense and factual
knowledge
C. as much time has been spent trying to develop a workable thinking machine as had been spent in developing the
first workable aircraft
D. researchers who specialize in the structure of the brain are among those who are trying to develop thinking
machines
E. some flying machines that were not closely modeled on birds failed to work
2. Columnist: George Orwells book 1984 has exercised much influence on a great number of this newspapers readers. One thousand readers were surveyed and asked to name the one book that had the most influence on
their lives. The book chosen most often was the Bible; 1984 was second. The answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the columnists argument?
A. How many books had each person surveyed read?
B. How many people chose books other than 1984?
C. How many people read the columnists newspaper?
D. How many books by George Orwell other than 1984 were chosen?
E. How many of those surveyed had actually read the books they chose?
3. Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmers on the market do an adequate job of trimming hedges, but many power hedge trimmers are dangerous to operate and can cause serious injury when used by untrained operators.
Bolter Industries hedge trimmer has been tested by National Laboratories, the most trusted name in safety testing. So you know, if you buy a Bolters, you are buying a power hedge trimmer whose safety is assured. The answer to which one of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the truth of the conclusion drawn in the advertisement?
A. Has National Laboratories performed safety tests on other machines made by Bolter Industries?
B. How important to the average buyer of a power hedge trimmer is safety of operation?
C. What were the results of National Laboratories tests of Bolter Industries hedge trimmer?
D. Are there safer ways of trimming a hedge than using a power hedge trimmer?
E. Does any other power hedge trimmer on the market do a better job of trimming hedges than does Bolter Industries
hedge trimmer?
4. For next year, the Chefs Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts
demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers Union. Which one of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?
A. The Chefs Union has many more members than does the Hotel Managers Union.
B. The Chefs Union is a more powerful union than is the Hotel Managers Union and is therefore more likely to obtain the salary increases it requests.
C. The current salaries of the members of the Chefs Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers Union.
D. The average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Chefs Union received last year was equal to the average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Hotel Managers Union received.
E. The members of the Chefs Union received salary increases of 10 percent in each of the last two years, while the members of the Hotel Managers Union received salary increases of only 8 percent in each of the last two years.
5.Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods. Which one of the following, if true, most supports the argument?
A. The craving for fatty foods does not invariably result in a rats choosing those foods over lean foods.
B. The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently chose lean foods.
C. The chemical components of galanin are present in both fatty foods and lean foods.
D. The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.
E. Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do other rats develop high concentrations of galanin in their brains.
6. Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence of headaches,fatigue, and shortness of breath. Each of the following, if true, strengthens the toxicologists argument EXCEPT:
A. Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with MBTE do not have serious health problems involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
B. Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health.
C. Since the time when gasoline containing MBTE was first introduced in a few metropolitan areas, those areas reported an increase in the number of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
D. Regions in which only gasoline containing MBTE is used have a much greater incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath than do similar regions in which only MBTE- free gasoline is used.
E. The oil-refinery workers surveyed were carefully selected to be representative of the broader population in their medical histories prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in other relevant respects.
7. Medical doctor: Sleep deprivation is the cause of many social ills, ranging from irritability to potentially dangerous instances of impaired decision making. Most people today suffer from sleep deprivation to some degree. Therefore
we should restructure the workday to allow people flexibility in scheduling their work hours. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the medical doctors argument?
A. The primary cause of sleep deprivation is overwork.
B. Employees would get more sleep if they had greater latitude in scheduling their work hours.
C. Individuals vary widely in the amount of sleep they require.
D. More people would suffer from sleep deprivation today than did in the past if the average number of hours worked per week had not decreased.
E. The extent of ones sleep deprivation is proportional to the length of ones workday.
8.According to the theory of continental drift, in prehistoric times, many of todays separate continents were part of a single huge landmass. As the plates on which this landmass rested began to move, the mass broke apart, and ocean water filled the newly created chasms. It is hypothesized, for example, that South America was once joined on its east coast with what is now the west coast of Africa. Which one of the following discoveries, if it were made, would most support the above hypothesis about South America and Africa?
A. A large band of ancient rock of a rare type along the east coast of South America is of the same type as a band on the west coast of Africa.
B. Many people today living in Brazil are genetically quite similar to many western Africans.
C. The climates of western Africa and of the east coast of South America resemble each other.
D. Some of the oldest tribes of people living in eastern South America speak languages linguistically similar to various languages spoken by certain western African peoples.
E. Several species of plants found in western Africa closely resemble plants growing in South America.
9.Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earths ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
10. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of todays commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers. Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?
A. After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.
B. When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.
C. No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passengerowned electronic devices on board.
D. Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.
E. Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular
all d best...:cheerio:
Dipak
please find below my ans :
1) A
2) B
3) D
4) D
5) D
6) E
7) B
A9) A
10) E
waiting for the OAs from dipak :):)
1 - a
2 - e
3 - c
4 - a
5 - d
6 - d
7 - b
8 - a
9 - a
10 - e
my take on 10 qn from dipak9412
1)a
2)b
3)c
4)c
5)d
6)e
7)da
9)d
10)e
here are the OA's
1. Anders...: Opt A
2. Columnist...:Opt B
3. Advertisement...: Opt C
4. For next year.....: Opt C
5. Galanin is a protein...: Opt D
6. Toxicologist...: Opt B
7. Medical doctor....: Opt B
8. According to.....: Opt A
9. Amphibian populations...: Opt A
10 Modern navigation....: Opt E
personally...took 25 min...
and got 7/10 right...
long way to go......
regards
Dipak
here are the OA's
1. Anders...: Opt A
2. Columnist...:Opt B
3. Advertisement...: Opt C
4. For next year.....: Opt C
5. Galanin is a protein...: Opt D
6. Toxicologist...: Opt B
7. Medical doctor....: Opt B
8. According to.....: Opt A
9. Amphibian populations...: Opt A
10 Modern navigation....: Opt E
personally...took 25 min...and got 7/10 right...
long way to go......
regards
Dipak
same here :D:D:D 7/10 ..........
waiting for next set of ques :):):)
same here :D:D:D 7/10 ..........
waiting for next set of ques :):):)
Me too. I really need to improve!
Hey Guys,
First such post on PG. This question has been bothering me a lot. If you have been reading the older posts on this thread then it has been discussed a few times before but I wanted to bring it up again. So here it is
More sports journals are sold in Hornby than in Milston. Therefore, the residents of Hornby are better informed about major sporting events than are the residents of Milston.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the conclusion above EXCEPT:
A. Hornby has a larger population than Milston.
B. Most residents of Milston work in Hornby and buy their reading material there.
C. The average newsstand price of journals sold in Hornby is lower than the average price of journals sold in Milston.
D. A monthly journal restricted to the coverage of local events is published in Hornby.
E. The average resident of Hornby spends less time reading sports journals than does the average resident of Milston.
Please write your answer and the logic behind it and then I'll tell you what I think.
@cognizant_81... If the average newsstand price of journals in Hornby is cheaper doesn't that translate into more journals being sold in Hornby than Milston? Therefore, C weakens the argument as well! I would say the answer is D. Because the information about a monthly journal being sold in Hornby is completely neutral therefore it does not weaken the argument.
Hey Guys,
First such post on PG. This question has been bothering me a lot. If you have been reading the older posts on this thread then it has been discussed a few times before but I wanted to bring it up again. So here it is
More sports journals are sold in Hornby than in Milston. Therefore, the residents of Hornby are better informed about major sporting events than are the residents of Milston.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the conclusion above EXCEPT:
A. Hornby has a larger population than Milston.
B. Most residents of Milston work in Hornby and buy their reading material there.
C. The average newsstand price of journals sold in Hornby is lower than the average price of journals sold in Milston.
D. A monthly journal restricted to the coverage of local events is published in Hornby.
E. The average resident of Hornby spends less time reading sports journals than does the average resident of Milston.
Please write your answer and the logic behind it and then I'll tell you what I think.
My take is D.The conclusion states that people of Hornby are better informed than Milston about major sporting events.However D states people are aware of the local events only.I hope you will agree.
Cheers..:drinking:
cognizant_81 Saysi dont think so when journals are sold cheaper in hornby than milston which means more journals been sold that means this is strengthening the arguement.as for option D the monthly journal sold with local news being circulated is partially strong because this arguement doesnt confirm fully that people are not interested in sproting events it may be other than sporting events people study local news even yes if in the option D it was mentioned people onlye read local news then option D can be considered but option C fully supports the arguement.so awnser should be option C
yess i guess its C , cause it hasn been mentioned anywhere that people are well aware about the local events ....
Hey Guys,
First such post on PG. This question has been bothering me a lot. If you have been reading the older posts on this thread then it has been discussed a few times before but I wanted to bring it up again. So here it is
More sports journals are sold in Hornby than in Milston. Therefore, the residents of Hornby are better informed about major sporting events than are the residents of Milston.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the conclusion above EXCEPT:
A. Hornby has a larger population than Milston.
B. Most residents of Milston work in Hornby and buy their reading material there.
C. The average newsstand price of journals sold in Hornby is lower than the average price of journals sold in Milston.
D. A monthly journal restricted to the coverage of local events is published in Hornby.
E. The average resident of Hornby spends less time reading sports journals than does the average resident of Milston.
Please write your answer and the logic behind it and then I'll tell you what I think.
whats the ans ???
@sahilyadav..Is it C...?:lookround:
Yup! It's C.
here are the OA's
1. Anders...: Opt A
2. Columnist...:Opt B
3. Advertisement...: Opt C
4. For next year.....: Opt C
5. Galanin is a protein...: Opt D
6. Toxicologist...: Opt B
7. Medical doctor....: Opt B
8. According to.....: Opt A
9. Amphibian populations...: Opt A
10 Modern navigation....: Opt E
personally...took 25 min...
long way to go......
regards
Dipak
Thanks Dipak..
Awesome qs !!
got 9/10 :|
Can any1 explain this:
9.Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earths ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
I chose D ;
Reasoning:
1. Need to look for an option that weakens the stimulus or doesn't affect it
2. B,C,E are clearly strengthening the stimulus ; so left with A and D
3. Now in A: since the only type of radiation (out of those blocked by the atmospheric ozone) that can damage genes is UV-B ; and because earth (or atmospheric) ozone is depleting so less amount of UV-B rays are blocked by it. So this actually strengthens the argument .... Where the hell am i going wrong ??
Thanks!!
here's the question again and OA explanation :
Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earths ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation
that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack
the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.
Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
OA: Opt A
Explanation:
The conclusion of the argument is a causal statement that the depletion of the ozone layer is the primary cause of the declining amphibian population.This conclusion is based on the fact that the ozone layer blocks harmful UV-B radiation, which amphibians are vulnerable to in both adult and egg form.Although the argument mentions UV-B radiation, which may sound
impressive, the structure of the reasoning is easy to follow. The conclusion is clearly stated and easy to spot due to the indicator thus. The question stem is a StrengthenX and therefore the four incorrect answers will each strengthen the argument
As with (A), which is correct answer,the answer fails to shed any lightpositive or negativeon the connection between the ozone depletion and the amphibian population decline. Because the argument is concerned with the damage done by UV-B radiation, the fact that UV-B is the only damaging type of radiation blocked by ozone is irrelevant.
In case of (D), answer choice strengthens the argument by eliminating an alternate cause for the effect. Had the natural habitat become smaller over the years (from say,human encroachment or climatic change) then that shrinkage would have offered an alternate explanation for the decline in the amphibian population.By eliminating the possibility of habitat shrinkage, the stated cause in the argument is strengthened.
hope it helps...:cheerio:
warm up Q from my side:
First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and have a smaller profit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacing their computers with more powerful models. Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially higher than the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers were sold and the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged.
If the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?
A. PXC's competitors raised the prices on their computers last year, making PXC computers more attractive to first-time computer buyers.
B. The number of people buying PXC computers who also bought PXC computer-related products, such as printers, was larger last year than the previous year.
C. Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.
D. The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year.
E. PXC's production costs for its computers were lower last year than they had been the previous year.
Is it D??
here's Set 2:
1.Statistician: A financial magazine claimed that its survey of its subscribers showed that North Americans are more concerned about their personal finances than about politics. One question was: Which do you think about more:politics or the joy of earning money? This question is clearly biased. Also, the readers of the magazine are a self-selecting sample. Thus, there is reason to be skeptical about the conclusion drawn in the magazines survey. Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the statisticians argument EXCEPT:
A. The credibility of the magazine has been called into question on a number of occasions.
B. The conclusions drawn in most magazine surveys have eventually been disproved.
C. Other surveys suggest that North Americans are just as concerned about politics as they are about finances.
D. There is reason to be skeptical about the results of surveys that are biased and unrepresentative.
E. Other surveys suggest that North Americans are concerned not only with politics and finances, but also with social issues.
2. Advertisement: At most jewelry stores, the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it so you can see why an assessor might say that a diamond is of higher quality than it really is. But because all diamonds sold at
Gem World are certified in writing, youre assured of a fair price when purchasing a diamond from Gem World.
The reasoning in the advertisement would be most strengthened if which one of the following were true?
A. Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also provide written certification of the quality of their diamonds.
B. The certifications of diamonds at Gem World are written by people with years of experience in appraising gems.
C. The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally of higher quality than those sold at other jewelry stores.
D. The diamond market is so volatile that prices of the most expensive diamonds can change by hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.
E. The written certifications of diamonds at Gem World are provided by an independent company of gem specialists.
3. Some people believe that good health is due to luck. However, studies from many countries indicate a strong correlation between good health and high educational levels. Thus research supports the view that good health is
largely the result of making informed lifestyle choices. The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
A. presumes, without providing justification that only highly educated people make informed lifestyle choices
B. overlooks the possibility that people who make informed lifestyle choices may nonetheless suffer from inherited diseases
C. presumes, without providing justification, that informed lifestyle choices are available to everyone
D. overlooks the possibility that the same thing may causally contribute both to education and to good health
E. does not acknowledge that some people who fail to make informed lifestyle choices are in good health
4. Astronomer: I have asserted that our solar system does not contain enough meteoroids and other cosmic debris to have caused the extensive cratering on the far side of the moon. My opponents have repeatedly failed to
demonstrate the falsity of this thesis. Their evidence is simply inconclusive; thus they should admit that my thesis is correct. The reasoning in the astronomers argument is flawed because this argument
A. criticizes the astronomers opponents rather than their arguments
B. infers the truth of the astronomers thesis from the mere claim that it has not been proven false
C. ignores the possibility that alternative explanations may exist for the cratering
D. presumes that the astronomers thesis should not be subject to rational discussion and criticism
E. fails to precisely define the key word meteoroids
5. On some hot days the smog in Hillview reaches unsafe levels, and on some hot days the wind blows into Hillview from the east. Therefore, on some days when the wind blows into Hillview from the east, the smog in Hillview
reaches unsafe levels. The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument
A. mistakes a condition that sometimes accompanies unsafe levels of smog for a condition that necessarily accompanies unsafe levels of smog
B. fails to recognize that one set might have some members in common with each of two others even though those two other sets have no members in common with each other
C. uses the key term unsafe in one sense in a premise and in another sense in the conclusion
D. contains a premise that is implausible unless the conclusion is presumed to be true
E. infers a particular causal relation from a correlation that could be explained in a variety of other ways
6. Several legislators claim that the public finds many current movies so violent as to be morally offensive. However, these legislators have misrepresented public opinion. In a survey conducted by a movie industry guild, only 17 percent of respondents thought that movies are overly violent, and only 3 percent found any recent movie morally offensive. These low percentages are telling, because the respondents see far more current movies than does the average moviegoer. The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument
A. attempts to undermine the legislators credibility instead of addressing their argument
B. bases its conclusion on subjective judgments rather than on an objective criterion of moral offensiveness
C. fails to consider the possibility that violent movies increase the prevalence of antisocial behavior
D. generalizes from a sample that is unlikely to be representative of public sentiment
E. presumes, without providing justification, that the people surveyed based their responses on a random sampling of movies
7. Philosopher: Scientists talk about the pursuit of truth, but, like most people, they are self-interested. Accordingly, the professional activities of most scientists are directed toward personal career enhancement, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. Hence, the activities of the scientific community are largely directed toward enhancing the status of that community as a whole, and only incidentally toward the pursuit of truth. The reasoning in the philosophers argument is flawed because the argument
A. improperly infers that each and every scientist has a certain characteristic from the premise that most scientists have that characteristic
B. improperly draws an inference about the scientific community as a whole from a premise about individual scientists
C. presumes, without giving justification, that the aim of personal career enhancement never advances the pursuit of truth
D. illicitly takes advantage of an ambiguity in the meaning of self-interested
E. improperly draws an inference about a cause from premises about its effects
8. Activist: Food producers irradiate food in order to prolong its shelf life. Five animal studies were recently conducted to investigate whether this process alters food in a way that could be dangerous to people who eat it. The studies concluded that irradiated food is safe for humans to eat. However, because these studies were subsequently found by a panel of independent scientists to be seriously flawed in their methodology, it follows that irradiated food is not safe for human consumption. The reasoning in the activists argument is flawed because that argument
A. treats a failure to prove a claim as constituting proof of the denial of that claim
B. treats methodological flaws in past studies as proof that it is currently not possible to devise methodologically adequate alternatives
C. fails to consider the possibility that even a study whose methodology has no serious flaws nonetheless might provide only weak support for its conclusion
D. fails to consider the possibility that what is safe for animals might not always be safe for human beings
E. fails to establish that the independent scientists know more about food irradiation than do the people who produced the five studies
9. Cotrell is, at best, able to write magazine articles of average quality. The most compelling pieces of evidence for this are those few of the numerous articles submitted by Cotrell that are superior, since Cotrell, who is incapable
of writing an article that is better than average, must obviously have plagiarized superior ones. The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?
A. It simply ignores the existence of potential counterevidence.
B. It generalizes from atypical occurrences.
C. It presupposes what it seeks to establish.
D. It relies on the judgment of experts in a matter to which their expertise is irrelevant.
E. It infers limits on ability from a few isolated lapses in performance.
10. Editorial: The premiers economic advisor assures her that with the elimination of wasteful spending the goal of reducing taxes while not significantly decreasing government services can be met. But the premier should not listen to this advisor, who in his youth was convicted of embezzlement. Surely his economic advice is as untrustworthy
as he is himself, and so the premier should discard any hope of reducing taxes without a significant decrease in government services. Which one of the following is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the editorials
argument?
A. rejecting a proposal on the grounds that a particular implementation of the proposal is likely to fail
B. trying to win support for a proposal by playing on peoples fears of what could happen otherwise
C. criticizing the source of a claim rather than examining the claim itself
D. taking a lack of evidence for a claim as evidence undermining the claim
E. presupposing what it sets out to establish
let's get going....
here's the question again and OA explanation :
Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earths ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation
that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack
the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.
Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
OA: Opt A
Explanation:
The conclusion of the argument is a causal statement that the depletion of the ozone layer is the primary cause of the declining amphibian population.This conclusion is based on the fact that the ozone layer blocks harmful UV-B radiation, which amphibians are vulnerable to in both adult and egg form.Although the argument mentions UV-B radiation, which may sound
impressive, the structure of the reasoning is easy to follow. The conclusion is clearly stated and easy to spot due to the indicator thus. The question stem is a StrengthenX and therefore the four incorrect answers will each strengthen the argument
As with (A), which is correct answer,the answer fails to shed any lightpositive or negativeon the connection between the ozone depletion and the amphibian population decline. Because the argument is concerned with the damage done by UV-B radiation, the fact that UV-B is the only damaging type of radiation blocked by ozone is irrelevant.
In case of (D), answer choice strengthens the argument by eliminating an alternate cause for the effect. Had the natural habitat become smaller over the years (from say,human encroachment or climatic change) then that shrinkage would have offered an alternate explanation for the decline in the amphibian population.By eliminating the possibility of habitat shrinkage, the stated cause in the argument is strengthened.
hope it helps...:cheerio:
Mind boggling really.. i cud never arrive at D by thinking on THESE lines....
So, in causation either one can strengthen by either supporting the cause or by eliminating other causes that might lead to the conclusion ...
Thanks !