1. Anders: The physical structure of the brain plays an important role in thinking. So researchers developing thinking machinescomputers that can make decisions based on both common sense and factual knowledgeshould
closely model those machines on the structure of the brain.
Yang: Important does not mean essential. After all, no flying machine closely modeled on birds has worked;workable aircraft are structurally very different from birds. So thinking machines closely modeled on the brain are also likely to fail. In developing a workable thinking machine, researchers would therefore increase their chances of success if they focus on the brains function and simply ignore its physical structure.
In evaluating Yangs argument it would be most helpful to know whether
A. studies of the physical structure of birds provided information crucial to the development of workable aircraft
B. researchers currently working on thinking machines take all thinking to involve both common sense and factual
knowledge
C. as much time has been spent trying to develop a workable thinking machine as had been spent in developing the
first workable aircraft
D. researchers who specialize in the structure of the brain are among those who are trying to develop thinking
machines
E. some flying machines that were not closely modeled on birds failed to work
2. Columnist: George Orwells book 1984 has exercised much influence on a great number of this newspapers readers. One thousand readers were surveyed and asked to name the one book that had the most influence on
their lives. The book chosen most often was the Bible; 1984 was second. The answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the columnists argument?
A. How many books had each person surveyed read?
B. How many people chose books other than 1984?
C. How many people read the columnists newspaper?
D. How many books by George Orwell other than 1984 were chosen?
E. How many of those surveyed had actually read the books they chose?
3. Advertisement: Most power hedge trimmers on the market do an adequate job of trimming hedges, but many power hedge trimmers are dangerous to operate and can cause serious injury when used by untrained operators.
Bolter Industries hedge trimmer has been tested by National Laboratories, the most trusted name in safety testing. So you know, if you buy a Bolters, you are buying a power hedge trimmer whose safety is assured. The answer to which one of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the truth of the conclusion drawn in the advertisement?
A. Has National Laboratories performed safety tests on other machines made by Bolter Industries?
B. How important to the average buyer of a power hedge trimmer is safety of operation?
C. What were the results of National Laboratories tests of Bolter Industries hedge trimmer?
D. Are there safer ways of trimming a hedge than using a power hedge trimmer?
E. Does any other power hedge trimmer on the market do a better job of trimming hedges than does Bolter Industries
hedge trimmer?
4. For next year, the Chefs Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts
demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers Union. Which one of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?
A. The Chefs Union has many more members than does the Hotel Managers Union.
B. The Chefs Union is a more powerful union than is the Hotel Managers Union and is therefore more likely to obtain the salary increases it requests.
C. The current salaries of the members of the Chefs Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers Union.
D. The average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Chefs Union received last year was equal to the average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Hotel Managers Union received.
E. The members of the Chefs Union received salary increases of 10 percent in each of the last two years, while the members of the Hotel Managers Union received salary increases of only 8 percent in each of the last two years.
5.Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods. Which one of the following, if true, most supports the argument?
A. The craving for fatty foods does not invariably result in a rats choosing those foods over lean foods.
B. The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently chose lean foods.
C. The chemical components of galanin are present in both fatty foods and lean foods.
D. The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.
E. Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do other rats develop high concentrations of galanin in their brains.
6. Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence of headaches,fatigue, and shortness of breath. Each of the following, if true, strengthens the toxicologists argument EXCEPT:
A. Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with MBTE do not have serious health problems involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
B. Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health.
C. Since the time when gasoline containing MBTE was first introduced in a few metropolitan areas, those areas reported an increase in the number of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
D. Regions in which only gasoline containing MBTE is used have a much greater incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath than do similar regions in which only MBTE- free gasoline is used.
E. The oil-refinery workers surveyed were carefully selected to be representative of the broader population in their medical histories prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in other relevant respects.
7. Medical doctor: Sleep deprivation is the cause of many social ills, ranging from irritability to potentially dangerous instances of impaired decision making. Most people today suffer from sleep deprivation to some degree. Therefore
we should restructure the workday to allow people flexibility in scheduling their work hours. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the medical doctors argument?
A. The primary cause of sleep deprivation is overwork.
B. Employees would get more sleep if they had greater latitude in scheduling their work hours.
C. Individuals vary widely in the amount of sleep they require.
D. More people would suffer from sleep deprivation today than did in the past if the average number of hours worked per week had not decreased.
E. The extent of ones sleep deprivation is proportional to the length of ones workday.
8.According to the theory of continental drift, in prehistoric times, many of todays separate continents were part of a single huge landmass. As the plates on which this landmass rested began to move, the mass broke apart, and ocean water filled the newly created chasms. It is hypothesized, for example, that South America was once joined on its east coast with what is now the west coast of Africa. Which one of the following discoveries, if it were made, would most support the above hypothesis about South America and Africa?
A. A large band of ancient rock of a rare type along the east coast of South America is of the same type as a band on the west coast of Africa.
B. Many people today living in Brazil are genetically quite similar to many western Africans.
C. The climates of western Africa and of the east coast of South America resemble each other.
D. Some of the oldest tribes of people living in eastern South America speak languages linguistically similar to various languages spoken by certain western African peoples.
E. Several species of plants found in western Africa closely resemble plants growing in South America.
9.Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earths ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer. Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
10. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of todays commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers. Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?
A. After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.
B. When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.
C. No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passengerowned electronic devices on board.
D. Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.
E. Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular
all d best...:cheerio:
Dipak
and megha 3.5/4..
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