Industrial Relations and Labour laws| Labour Welfare Theories|UPSC EPFO 2020
Industrial Relations and Labour laws| Labour Welfare Theories|UPSC EPFO 2020
Industrial Relation Theories Labour Welfare MCQ| UPSC EPFO 2020|Labour Laws UPSC EPFO
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GAAP ACCOUNTING RATIOS
Accounting ratios offer quick ways to evaluate a business's financial condition. According to Accounting Scholar, ratios are the most frequently used accounting formulas in regard to business analysis. Analyzing your finances with these ratios helps you identify trends and other data that inform important business decisions.Here are the most common types of ratios and the various formulas you can use within each category:· Liquidity ratios· Profitability ratios· Leverage ratios· Turnover ratios· Market value ratiosWhile it may not be possible to constantly analyze all of these ratios at a given time, it's crucial to pick a few that are pertinent to your business's operations so you can stay up to date on what's happening within your company.
LIQUIDITY RATIOSThese ratios are used to calculate how capable a company is of paying its debts, usually by measuring current liabilities and liquid assets. This determines how likely it is that your business will be able to pay off short-term debts. These are some common liquidity ratios:· Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities: The purpose of this ratio is to measure if your company can currently pay off short-term debts by liquidating your assets.· Quick Ratio = Quick Assets/Current Liabilities: This ratio is similar to the current ratio above, except that to measure "quick" assets, you only consider your accounts receivable plus cash plus marketable securities.· Net Working Capital Ratio = (Current Assets - Current Liabilities)/Total Assets: By calculating the net working capital ratio, you're calculating the liquidity of your assets. An increasing net working capital ratio indicates that your business is investing more in liquid assets than fixed assets.· Cash Ratio = Cash/Current Liabilities: This ratio tells you how capable your business is of covering its debts using only cash. No other assets are considered in this ratio.· Cash Coverage Ratio = (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes + Depreciation)/Interest: The cash coverage ratio is similar to the cash ratio, but it calculates how likely it is that your business can pay interest on its debts.· Operating Cash Flow Ratio = Operating Cash Flow /Current Liabilities: This ratio tells you how your current liabilities are covered by cash flow.
PROFITABILITY RATIOSAccountants use these ratios to measure a business's earnings versus its expenses. These are some common profitability ratios:· Return on Assets = Net Income/Average Total Assets: The return on assets ratio indicates how much profit businesses make compared to their assets.· Return on Equity = Net Income/Average Stockholder Equity: This ratio shows your business's profitability from your stockholders' investments.· Profit Margin = Net Income/Sales: The profit margin is an easy way to tell how much of your income comes from sales.· Earnings Per Share = Net Income/Number of Common Shares Outstanding: The earnings-per-share ratio is similar to the return-on-equity ratio, except that this ratio indicates your profitability from the outstanding shares at the end of a given period.
LEVERAGE RATIOSA leverage ratio is a good way to easily see how much of your company's capital comes from debt and how likely it is that your company can meet its financial obligations. Leverage ratios are similar to liquidity ratios, except that leverage ratios consider your totals, whereas liquidity ratios focus on your current assets and liabilities.· Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt/Total Equity: This ratio measures your company's leverage by comparing your liabilities, or debts, to your value as represented by your stockholders' equity.· Total Debt Ratio = (Total Assets - Total Equity)/Total Assets: Your total debt ratio is a quick way to see how much of your assets are available because of debt.· Long-Term Debt Ratio = Long-Term Debt/(Long-Term Debt + Total Equity): Similar to the total debt ratio, this formula lets you see your assets available because of debt for longer than a one-year period.
TURNOVER RATIOSTurnover ratios are used to measure your company's income against its assets. There are many different types of turnover ratios. Here are some common turnover ratios:· Inventory Turnover Ratio = Costs of Goods Sold/Average Inventories: The inventory turnover rate shows how much inventory you've sold in a year or other specified period.· Assets Turnover Ratio = Sales/Average Total Assets: This ratio is a good indicator of how good your company is at using your assets to produce revenue.· Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio = Sales/Average Accounts Receivable: You can use this ratio to evaluate how quickly your company is able to collect funds from its customers.· Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio = Total Supplier Purchases/(Beginning Accounts Payable + Ending Accounts Payable)/2): This ratio measures the speed at which a company pays its suppliers.
MARKET VALUE RATIOSMarket value ratios deal entirely with stocks and shares. Many investors use these ratios to determine if your stocks are overpriced or underpriced. These are a couple of common market value ratios:· Price-to-Earnings Ratio = Price Per Share/Earnings Per Share. Investors use the price-to-earnings ratio to see how much they're paying for each dollar earned per stock.· Market-to-Book Ratio = Market Value Per Share/Book Value Per Share. This ratio compares your company's historic accounting value to the value set by the stock market.
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HI guys We have prepared a study material for the preparation UPSC EPFO exam 2020 for covering Economy,Industrial relation and labour laws ,social security and general account principle you can check it by clicking on the following link given below
HI guys We have prepared a study material for the preparation UPSC EPFO exam 2020 for covering Economy,Industrial relation and labour laws ,social security and general account principle you can check it by clicking on the following link given below
EPFO2020AOEO UPSC EPFO 2020: The prime aim of this group is to have productive discussion on Industrial Relations and Social Security, Labour Laws and General Accounting Principles. Only for serious candidates. https://t.me/UPSCEPFO2020AOEO
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Board of Arbitration
The Indian Council of Arbitration, India’s premier arbitral institution, is a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, operating on a not-for-profit basis with its head office in New Delhi and ten branches in a pan-India network.The ICA was established in 1965 as a specialized arbitral body at the national level under the initiatives of the Government of India and apex business organizations such as FICCI, etc. However, subsequently, the ICA attained an autonomous status and became an independent body. The main objective of ICA is to promote amicable, quick and inexpensive settlement of commercial disputes by means of arbitration, conciliation, regardless of location.Today, ICA is not only the leading arbitral institution in India, it is one of the most important arbitration centers in the Asia Pacific, handling more than 200 domestic and international arbitration cases each year. It also provides the commercial world with unrivalled and time-tested Maritime Arbitration services and imparts education and training in alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Coupled with our quality case administration and panel of arbitrators, ICA is the one resource for all dispute resolution needs.
FUNCTIONS
The core function of ICA is the administration of arbitration proceedings. The ICA has its own set of procedural rules which govern the conduct of the entire arbitration proceedings, from its commencement to its termination. In addition, ICA is tasked with the mission of promoting and building capacity in the area of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution). In its continuous effort in capacity building and disseminating information on ADR, the ICA organizes various courses and forums on the different avenues of ADR.
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