Ethanol, a fuel derived from corn, can be used alone to power cars or along with
gasoline to reduce the reduce the amount of gas consumed. Unlike gasoline,
ethanol is easily renewable since it is primarily converted from the sun's energy.
Moreover, compared with conventional gasoline, pure ethanol is a cleanerburning
fuel. To save energy and reduce pollution, many individuals advocate the
increased usage of ethanol as a primary fuel source in conjunction with or in place
of gasoline.
In evaluating the recommendation to increase the use of ethanol, it would be
important to research all of the following EXCEPT
Whether more energy is saved when using ethanol in conjunction with or in place of gasoline
Whether ethanol is as efficient a fuel as gasoline
Whether it is possible to produce more ethanol than is currently produced
Whether the process of growing corn for fuel would result in as much pollution as does the production of conventional gasoline
Whether the energy required to grow and process corn used as fuel is greater than the amount of energy ultimately produced
Nearly one in three subscribers to Financial Forecaster
is
a millionaire, and over half are in top management.
Shouldn't you subscribe to Financial Forecaster now?
A reader who is neither a millionaire nor in top
management would be most likely to act in accordance
with the advertisement's suggestion if he or she drew
which of the following questionable conclusions
invited by the advertisement ?
(A) Among finance-related periodicals. Financial
Forecaster provides the most detailed financial
information.
(B) Top managers cannot do their jobs properly without
reading Financial Forecaster.
(C) The advertisement is placed where those who will
be likely to read it are millionaires.
(D) The subscribers mentioned were helped to become
millionaires or join top management by reading
Financial Forecaster.
(E) Only those who will in fact become millionaires, or
at least top managers, will read the advertisement.
Psychological research indicates that college hockey
and football players are more quickly moved to
hostility and aggression than are college athletes in
non contact sports such as swimming. But the
researchers' conclusion-that contact sports encourage
and teach participants to be hostile and aggressive-is
untenable. The football and hockey players were
probably more hostile and aggressive to start with than
the swimmers.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen
the conclusion drawn by the psychological researchers?
(A) The football and hockey players became more
hostile and aggressive during the season and
remained so during the off-season, whereas there
was no increase in aggressiveness among the
swimmers.
(B) The football and hockey players, but not the
swimmers, were aware at the start of the
experiment that they were being tested for
aggressiveness.
(C) The same psychological research indicated that the
football and hockey players had a great respect for
cooperation and team play, whereas the swimmers
were most concerned with excelling as individual
competitors.
(D) The research studies were designed to include no
college athletes who participated in both contact
and noncontact sports.
(E) Throughout the United States, more incidents of fan
violence occur at baseball games than occur at
hockey or football games.
In the United States, about $5,200 per person per year is spent on health care, while in Britain the amount is about
half that. A recent study indicated that middle-aged white Americans have a significantly higher rate of diabetes
and heart disease than do middle-aged white Britons. Even after eliminating from the study the lifestyle differences
of diet, exercise, smoking, and drinking, the data showed that the Americans have poorer health than their British
counterparts. The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?
.A Health care spending in the United States should be reduced by 50%.
.B More expensive health care causes a higher incidence of certain diseases.
.C The money spent on health care in the United States is not being used effectively.
.D The average health care spending for middle-aged white Americans is probably less than the average health care
spending for Americans in general.
.E Something other than diet, exercise, smoking, and drinking must account for the difference in health for the two
groups in the study.
Spokesperson: In the 2006 election of the city mayor, 55% of the voters were female. All the voters were between
ages 18 and 70 and 2/3 of them supported the incumbent mayor. The incumbent mayor won the election with a
substantially greater number of votes than any other candidate. If the statements made by the Spokesperson are
true, then which of the following must be true?
.A At least 1/2 of the female voters supported the incumbent mayor.
.B The incumbent mayor received stronger support from the female voters than from the male voters.
.C There were no other candidates in the election who received more than 30% of all the votes.
.D 45% of the voters in the election were male and none of them were 75 years old.
.E If the proportion of male and female voters in the city remains the same, the incumbent mayor is also likely to win
the next election.
In 2003, the Making Hits Record Company spent 40% of its total budget on the production of ten albums, 30% of
its budget on the marketing of these albums, and the remainder of its budget on overhead costs. In the same year,
the Song Factory Record Company spent 20% of its total budget on the production of 10 albums and 60% of its
budget on the marketing of these albums. Making Hits sold a total of 800,000 copies of the ten records it produced
in 2003, while the Song Factory sold a total of 1,600,000 copies of the ten records it produced in 2003. Assuming
each company met its budget, which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information given
above?
.A The amount of money spent on marketing is directly related to the number of copies sold.
.B Making Hits spent more money on the production of its albums in 2003 than did the Song Factory.
.C Song Factory's total revenue from the sale of albums produced in 2003 was higher than that of Making Hits.
.D In 2003, Making Hits spent a larger percentage of its budget on overhead costs than did the Song Factory.
.E The Song Factory sold more copies of its 2003 albums than Making Hits did because the Song Factory spent a
higher percentage of its budget on the marketing of its albums.
Due to high jet fuel costs, airline carriers are looking for new ways to increase revenues and thereby counteract
declining profits. Airline A has proposed increasing the number of passengers that can fit on its airplanes by
creating several standing room only "seats" in which passengers would be propped against a padded backboard
and held in place with a harness. This proposal, since it relates to passenger safety, cannot be implemented
without prior approval by the Federal Aviation Administration. The above statements, if true, indicate that Airline
A has made which of the following conclusions?
.A The addition of standing room only "seats" will generate more revenue than the cost of ensuring that these seats
meet safety standards.
.B The Federal Aviation Administration will approve Airline A's specific proposal.
. C The revenue generated by the addition of standing room only "seats" is greater than the current cost of jet fuel.
.D There are no safer ways in which Airline A can increase revenues.
.E Passenger safety is less important than increasing revenue.
A recent research study of undergraduate students analyzed the effects of music on human emotions. Each of the
200 participants attended at least 1 two-hour concert of classical music per week over the course of 12 weeks of
their spring semester. At the end of the experiment, all of the students filled out a questionnaire assessing their
emotional state. Based on the results of the questionnaires, all of the 10 students who attended the greatest
number of concerts reported lower stress levels and higher satisfaction with their lives. Also, most of the 20
students who attended the fewest number of concerts reported below-average levels of emotional comfort. Which
of the following must be true based on the evidence presented above?
.A Most of the 200 participants improved their emotional state and lowered their stress levels.
.B During each week of the experiment, the participants spent at least 2 hours less on their academic work as a result
of concert attendance.
.C Listening to classical music for at least 2 hours per week improves the emotional well-being of the majority of
young adults.
.D More than 6 participants attended at least 14 concerts during the course of the experiment.
.E At least some of the students participated in the study in order to gain free access to classical concerts.
Columnist: The winner of this year's national spelling bee won by correctly spelling the spoken word Ursprache,
which means "fame" in German. Given the richness of our language, why must we resort to words taken from
modern foreign languages to challenge our best spellers? Ursprache is listed in our dictionary, as are words from
many other foreign languages, but future spelling bees should limit themselves to words in our dictionary that have
been anglicized in all aspects because spelling English words, not knowledge of linguistics and international phonetics,
is the point of these contests. Which of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the argument above?
.A The spelling contest winner knew how to spell most of the anglicized words in the dictionary.
.B Foreign words are more difficult than anglicized words for all contestants to spell.
.C Spelling contestant winners should be determined by their facility with all aspects of language.
D. To spell foreign words, contestants must recognize the language and know its pronunciation.
.E The English language contains more borrowed words than most other languages.
Should all the students graduating in any discipline desirous of pursuing post graduation of the subjects of their choice be allowed to enroll in the post graduate course?
Arguments
1-Yes,the students are the best judge of their capabilities and there should not be any restrictions for joining post graduation courses.
2-No, the students need to study relevant subjects in graduate courses to enroll in post graduate courses and the students must fulfill such conditions.
3-no,there are not enough institutions offering post graduate courses which can accommodate all the graduates desirous of seeking post graduate courses of their own choice.
Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a
country's currency over time. However, many economists no longer recommend
this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a country's exports to be more competitive
in the international market, encouraging domestic industries and making
the economy more attractive to foreign investment.
The statements above most strongly support which of the following inferences?
Curbing government spending can make a country’s exports less competitive.
Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit.
Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spending.
An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced government spending.
Government restrictions have severely limited the amount of stem cell research
United States companies can conduct. Because of these restrictions, many United
States scientists who specialize in the field of stem cell research have signed longterm
contracts to work for foreign companies. Recently, Congress has proposed
lifting all restrictions on stem cell research.
Which of the following statements can most properly be inferred from the information
above?
Because United States scientists are under long-term contracts to foreign companies, there will be a significant influx of foreign professionals into the United States.
Some foreign companies that conduct stem cell research work under fewer restrictions than some United States companies do.
If restrictions on stem cell research are lifted, many of the United States scientists will break their contracts to return to United States companies.
In the near future, United States companies will no longer be at the forefront of stem cell research.
In all parts of the world, stem cell research is dependent on the financial backing of local government.
In Eastland, from 2000 to 2005, the total consumption of fish increased by 4.5 percent, and the total consumption
of poultry products increased by 9.0 percent. During this time, the population of Eastland increased by 6 percent,
in part due to new arrivals from surrounding areas. Which of the following can one infer based on the statements
above?
A. For new arrivals to Eastland between 2000 and 2005, fish was less likely to be a major part of families' diet than
was poultry.
B. In 2005, the residents of Eastland consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
C. The per capita consumption of poultry in Eastland was higher in 2005 than it was in 2000.
D. Between 2000 and 2005, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of the diet of a significant proportion
of Eastland residents.
E. Between 2000 and 2005, the profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than
did the profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
Everyone who has graduated from TopNotch High School has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of over 120. Most
students with an IQ of over 120 and all students with an IQ of over 150 who apply to one or more Ivy League
universities are accepted to at least one of them. The statements above, if true, best support which of the
following conclusions?
A. Every graduate of TopNotch High School with an IQ of 150 has been accepted to at least one Ivy-League school.
B. If a person is a high-school graduate and has an IQ of less than 100, he or she could not have been a student at
TopNotch High School.
C . If a person has an IQ of 130 and is attending an Ivy-League school, it is possible for him or her to have graduated
from TopNotch High School.
D. At least one graduate from TopNotch high school who has applied to at least one Ivy-League university has been
accepted to one of them.
E . If a high-school graduate has an IQ of 150 and is not attending an Ivy-League school, then he or she did not apply
to one of them.
According to a recent study on financial roles, one-third of high school seniors say that they have "significant
financial responsibilities." These responsibilities include, but are not limited to, contributing to food, shelter, or
clothing for themselves or their families. At the same time, a second study demonstrates that a crisis in money
management exists for high school students. According to this study, 80% of high school seniors have never taken
a personal finance class even though the same percentage of seniors has opened bank accounts and one-third of
these account holders have bounced a check. Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the
statements above?
A. High schools would be wise to incorporate personal finance classes into their core curricula. B. At least one-third of high school seniors work part-time jobs after school
.C . The number of high school seniors with significant financial responsibilities is greater than the number of seniors
who have bounced a check
.D . Any high school seniors who contribute to food, shelter, or clothing for themselves or their families have significant
financial responsibilities.
E. The majority of high school students have no financial responsibilities to their families.
Analyst: Creative professionals, such as clothing designers, graphic designers, and decorators, often have very
poor managerial skills and do not succeed when they try to run their own businesses. In fact, most of these
creative types are less skilled in business than is the average white-collar professional who does not work in a
creative field. Generally, creative talent and business acumen rarely go hand in hand. If the analyst's argument is
taken as true, which of the following statements can properly be concluded?
A . No successful businesspeople are creative.
B . Some creative types are not less skilled at business than is the average white-collar worker who is not creative.
C . Creativity precludes success in business.
D. Any white-collar worker who is not creative is more successful in business than any creative professional.
Advocates insist that health savings accounts are an efficient method to reduce medical expenses. However,
widespread adoption of these accounts will soon undermine the public's health. One reason for this is that most
people will be reluctant to deplete their accounts to pay for regular preventive examinations, so that in many cases
a serious illness will go undetected until it is far advanced. Another reason is that poor people, who will not be able
to afford health savings accounts, will no longer receive vaccinations against infectious diseases. The statements
above, if true, most support which of the following?
A. Wealthy individuals will not be affected negatively by health savings accounts.
B. Private health insurance will no longer be available.
C. Most diseases are detected during regular preventive examinations.
D. Some people without health savings accounts are likely to contract infectious diseases.
E . The causal relationship between an individual's health and that person's medical care has been adequately
documented.
Albinism is a rare genetic condition that inhibits the production of melanin, or pigmentation, in the skin and hair.
People born with albinism are unusually susceptible to sunburn, melanoma, and a range of other health issues that
are generally connected to excessive exposure to the sun. The statements above, if true, provide the most support
for which of the following conclusions?
A. People born with albinism develop other biological protections against melanoma and other sun-related health
issues.
B. Humans with a high production of melanin can easily ignore health issues related to exposure to the sun.
C. When a non-albino person gets sunburn, the amount of melanin produced by that person decreases.
D. In humans, melanin plays a role in protecting the skin from developing sunburn and other sun-related ailments.
E. It is not possible for a person born with albinism to adopt other artificial protective measures against excessive
exposure to the sun.
Celiac disease results from an inability of the digestive tract, specifically the small intestine, to absorb gluten, a
protein found in wheat, barley, and certain other grains. The body's immune system attacks the gluten as if the
protein were a harmful pathogen, often resulting in serious damage to the intestinal lining. People who suffer from
celiac disease must eliminate gluten from their diets. Symptoms of the disease include abdominal cramps, bloating,
and anemia. If the statements above are true, which of the following assertions can be made on the basis of
them?
A. Anyone who suffers from celiac disease will experience anemia
B . Eliminating gluten from one's diet will cure celiac disease.
C. People experiencing abdominal cramps, bloating, and anemia have celiac disease.
D . Gluten is found only in grains.
E. The human body cannot always recognize harmless substances.