This question is pretty tricky ;) Let me put it this way.
I don't think we can assume "ALL WINDOWS NEED CLEANING once in every 4 weeks" because as per premise 3, only "SOME" windows need re-cleaning. So, you cannot treat all WINDOWS the same. For Example : The building can have some special type windows which get dirty faster (on environment exposure) than other windows & hence they might require frequent cleaning.
Nopes all above mentioned is assumption. Inference good....assumption(unless asked) not good.
Unless mentioned "All windows are same". The logic that some windows need cleaning is explained in a later post.
Ross: The profitability of Company X, restored to private ownership five years ago, is clear evidence that businesses will always fare better under private than under public ownership. Julia: Wrong. A close look at the records shows that X has been profitable since the appointment of a first-class manager, which happened while X was still in the pubic sector. Which of the following best describes the weak point in Rosss claim on which Julias response focuses? (A) The evidence Ross cites comes from only a single observed case, that of Company X. (B) The profitability of Company X might be only temporary. (C) Rosss statement leaves open the possibility that the cause he cites came after the effect he attributes to it. (D) No mention is made of companies that are partly government owned and partly privately owned. (E) No exact figures are given for the current profits of Company X.
Some observers have concluded that the rise in the price of pepper means that the switch by some growers from pepper to cocoa left those growers no better off than if none of them had switched; this conclusion, however, is unwarranted because it can be inferred to be likely that (A) those growers could not have foreseen how high the price of pepper would go (B) the initial cost involved in switching from pepper to cocoa is substantial (C) supplies of pepper would not be as low as they are if those growers had not switched crops (D) cocoa crops are as susceptible to being reduced by bad weather as are pepper crops (E) as more growers turn to growing cocoa, cocoa supplies will increase and the price of cocoa will fall precipitously.
While Governor Verdant has been in office, the states budget has increased by an average of 6 percent each year. While the previous governor was in office, the states budget increased by an average of 11.5 percent each year. Obviously, the austere budgets during Governor Verdants term have caused the slowdown in the growth in state spending. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above? (A) The rate of inflation in the state averaged 10 percent each year during the previous governors term in office and 3 percent each year during Verdants term. (B) Both federal and state income tax rates have been lowered considerably during Verdants term in office. (C) In each year of Verdants term in office, the states budget has shown some increase in spending over the previous year. (D) During Verdants term in office, the state has either discontinued or begun to charge private citizens for numerous services that the state offered free to citizens during the previous governors term. (E) During the previous governors term in office, the state introduced several so-called austerity budgets intended to reduce the growth in state spending.
Companies considering new cost-cutting manufacturing processes often compare the projected results of making the investment against the alternative of not making the investment with costs, selling prices, and share of market remaining constant. Which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility, constitutes the most serious disadvantage for companies of using the method above for evaluating the financial benefit of new manufacturing processes? (A) The costs of materials required by the new process might not be known with certainty. (B) In several years interest rates might go down, reducing the interest costs of borrowing money to pay for the investment. (C) Some cost-cutting processes might require such expensive investments that there would be no net gain for many years, until the investment was paid for by savings in the manufacturing process. (D) Competitors that do invest in a new process might reduce their selling prices and thus take market share away from companies that do not. (E) The period of year chosen for averaging out the cost of the investment might be somewhat longer or shorter, thus affecting the result.
C
C
A
D
Since these questions have already been discussed. Explanations on need basis.
31. Another of Hoyle's arguments can be summarized as follows: on Earth, all the natural occurrences of methane that we know of are associated with 'methanogens' (methane-producing bacteria). But there is evidence that methane is also present in some inter-planetary material in comets, for example. Therefore, it is likely that methanogens are present in these materials also. Which of the following is true of this argument?
A) It would be strengthened by the discovery of other compounds which occur both on earth and in comets, and whose terrestrial occurrence is strongly correlated with bacterial action.
B) Since this argument appeals to no analogies between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial phenomena, it does not need any explanation of how methanogens synthesize methane.
C) This argument has no evidential force with respect to the extra-terrestrial existence of bacteria unless it can be supplemented with an explanation of the process by which terrestrial bacteria synthesize methane.
D) The plausibility of Hoyle's conclusion would be seriously weakened if on-site explorations of other planets in our solar system were to reveal the existence of methanogenic bacteria there.
E) It would be strengthened if it were discovered that methane is generated in Antarctica, without bacterial action, at low temperatures, which approximate those of comets far out in the solar system.
36. Some philosophers of science claim that no serious scientific theory can be tested experimentally without taking for granted some other body of scientific beliefs, for we cannot interpret any experimental results without relying on such beliefs. If this is true, then which of the following conclusions seems most likely?
A) Any particular scientific theory can be consistently retained, even in the face of apparently incompatible evidence, if we are willing to give up certain other scientific beliefs.
B) Experimental evidence is really irrelevant to scientific theorizing.
C) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the testing of scientific theories than to their initial formulation.
D) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the initial formulation of scientific theories than to their testing.
E) The best scientific theories are those which are formulated in such a way as to be subject to conclusive experimental refutation.
36. Some philosophers of science claim that no serious scientific theory can be tested experimentally without taking for granted some other body of scientific beliefs, for we cannot interpret any experimental results without relying on such beliefs. If this is true, then which of the following conclusions seems most likely?
A) Any particular scientific theory can be consistently retained, even in the face of apparently incompatible evidence, if we are willing to give up certain other scientific beliefs.
B) Experimental evidence is really irrelevant to scientific theorizing.
C) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the testing of scientific theories than to their initial formulation.
D) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the initial formulation of scientific theories than to their testing.
E) The best scientific theories are those which are formulated in such a way as to be subject to conclusive experimental refutation.
31. Another of Hoyle's arguments can be summarized as follows: on Earth, all the natural occurrences of methane that we know of are associated with 'methanogens' (methane-producing bacteria). But there is evidence that methane is also present in some inter-planetary material in comets, for example. Therefore, it is likely that methanogens are present in these materials also. Which of the following is true of this argument?
A) It would be strengthened by the discovery of other compounds which occur both on earth and in comets, and whose terrestrial occurrence is strongly correlated with bacterial action.
B) Since this argument appeals to no analogies between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial phenomena, it does not need any explanation of how methanogens synthesize methane.
C) This argument has no evidential force with respect to the extra-terrestrial existence of bacteria unless it can be supplemented with an explanation of the process by which terrestrial bacteria synthesize methane.
D) The plausibility of Hoyle's conclusion would be seriously weakened if on-site explorations of other planets in our solar system were to reveal the existence of methanogenic bacteria there.
E) It would be strengthened if it were discovered that methane is generated in Antarctica, without bacterial action, at low temperatures, which approximate those of comets far out in the solar system.
31. Another of Hoyle's arguments can be summarized as follows: on Earth, all the natural occurrences of methane that we know of are associated with 'methanogens' (methane-producing bacteria). But there is evidence that methane is also present in some inter-planetary material in comets, for example. Therefore, it is likely that methanogens are present in these materials also. Which of the following is true of this argument?
A) It would be strengthened by the discovery of other compounds which occur both on earth and in comets, and whose terrestrial occurrence is strongly correlated with bacterial action. B) Since this argument appeals to no analogies between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial phenomena, it does not need any explanation of how methanogens synthesize methane. C) This argument has no evidential force with respect to the extra-terrestrial existence of bacteria unless it can be supplemented with an explanation of the process by which terrestrial bacteria synthesize methane. D) The plausibility of Hoyle's conclusion would be seriously weakened if on-site explorations of other planets in our solar system were to reveal the existence of methanogenic bacteria there. E) It would be strengthened if it were discovered that methane is generated in Antarctica, without bacterial action, at low temperatures, which approximate those of comets far out in the solar system.
36. Some philosophers of science claim that no serious scientific theory can be tested experimentally without taking for granted some other body of scientific beliefs, for we cannot interpret any experimental results without relying on such beliefs. If this is true, then which of the following conclusions seems most likely?
A) Any particular scientific theory can be consistently retained, even in the face of apparently incompatible evidence, if we are willing to give up certain other scientific beliefs. B) Experimental evidence is really irrelevant to scientific theorizing. C) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the testing of scientific theories than to their initial formulation. D) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the initial formulation of scientific theories than to their testing. E) The best scientific theories are those which are formulated in such a way as to be subject to conclusive experimental refutation.
For-profit colleges serve far fewer students than either public or private non-profit colleges. At the same time, relative to non-profit colleges, for-profit colleges draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financial aid, such as tuition grants and guaranteed loans, for their students. It must be, then, that for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges.
The conclusion above depends on which of the following assumptions?
Public non-profit colleges and private non-profit colleges enroll a similar proportion of financially disadvantaged students.
For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid.
The number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at for-profit colleges is greater than the number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at non-profit colleges.
For-profit colleges are of similar educational quality as non-profit colleges.
The majority of students at for-profit colleges do not default on repayment of their loans after they complete college.
For-profit colleges serve far fewer students than either public or private non-profit colleges. At the same time, relative to non-profit colleges, for-profit colleges draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financial aid, such as tuition grants and guaranteed loans, for their students. It must be, then, that for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges. The conclusion above depends on which of the following assumptions?
Public non-profit colleges and private non-profit colleges enroll a similar proportion of financially disadvantaged students.
For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid.
The number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at for-profit colleges is greater than the number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at non-profit colleges.
For-profit colleges are of similar educational quality as non-profit colleges.
The majority of students at for-profit colleges do not default on repayment of their loans after they complete college.
Conclusion is " for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges. " my take is B. in A, public and private non-profit colleges are mentioned which is out of scope same as D (education quality) and E (default on repayment on loans). E is a hidden choice. Majority do not default on their loans meaning that majority takes the loan, meaning majority students are financially disadvangated. but this still doesnt explain less financially disadvantaged students at non-profit colleges.
That leaves us with B and C as contender.
C talks about number of students receiving loans in both colleges. There is a possibility that financially NOT disadvantaged students will receive the aid. So doesnt represent more number of financially disadvantaged students in for-profit colleges.
for B use negate technique here. For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid, meaning that the aid comes on need bases. also it defends the conclusion by not breaking the assumption that the govt gives federal and state aid on need bases. post OA and explanation as well... critical one ha!!
The pace of new technology brings a constant stream of new devices to the market and many of them enjoy commercial success. But analysts warn that announcing new technology too soon after the introduction of a successful device can backfire: consumers may resent feeling pressured to spend money to replace a device they have just purchased, even if the new technology is clearly superior. The result is that consumers either do not buy the old device in anticipation of the new one, or they do not buy the new device out of resentment over having already spent their money on the old one. So if a company wishes to introduce a new device, it should wait until purchases of the old device have begun to decline. Which of the following, if true, would best support the claims made above? New technology often becomes less expensive after an initial surge in sales. Media outlets such as television and magazines often report on the planned introduction of new devices while sales of old devices are still strong. Consumers are usually able to determine whether new technology is superior to current technology. Surveys have shown that consumers prefer to make only one or two technology purchases per year. Consumers tend to be loyal to technology companies whose products they enjoy using.
Conclusion is " for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges. " my take is B. in A, public and private non-profit colleges are mentioned which is out of scope same as D (education quality) and E (default on repayment on loans). E is a hidden choice. Majority do not default on their loans meaning that majority takes the loan, meaning majority students are financially disadvangated. but this still doesnt explain less financially disadvantaged students at non-profit colleges.
That leaves us with B and C as contender.
C talks about number of students receiving loans in both colleges. There is a possibility that financially NOT disadvantaged students will receive the aid. So doesnt represent more number of financially disadvantaged students in for-profit colleges.
for B use negate technique here. For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid, meaning that the aid comes on need bases. also it defends the conclusion by not breaking the assumption that the govt gives federal and state aid on need bases. post OA and explanation as well... critical one ha!!
SAIL_BOY Says
i thnk the answer should be B
try this:
For-profit colleges serve far fewer students than either public or private non-profit colleges. At the same time, relative to non-profit colleges, for-profit colleges draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financial aid, such as tuition grants and guaranteed loans, for their students. It must be, then, that for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges.
The conclusion above depends on which of the following assumptions?
Public non-profit colleges and private non-profit colleges enroll a similar proportion of financially disadvantaged students.
For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid.
The number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at for-profit colleges is greater than the number of students receiving federal and state financial aid at non-profit colleges.
For-profit colleges are of similar educational quality as non-profit colleges.
The majority of students at for-profit colleges do not default on repayment of their loans after they complete college.
OA is B...good job... Explanation: The argument concludes that for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges. This conclusion is based on the fact that students at for-profit colleges draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financial aid. The argument assumes a link between the proportion of aid received and the proportion of financially disadvantaged students enrolled. In so doing, it assumes that there are not other possible reasons for the disproportionate aid distribution.
(B) CORRECT. One alternative reason that might explain the disproportionate aid distribution is that for-profit colleges engaged in fraudulent practices to obtain unneeded financial assistance for their students. If this were true, then much of the aid was distributed based not on the actual financial situation of the students but on the ability of colleges to defraud federal and state governments. This answer choice asserts that this was NOT in fact the case, thereby eliminating this alternative explanation and highlighting a key assumption upon which the argument rests.
All others are actually OUT OF SCOPE. Dunno why I messed this one up.
The pace of new technology brings a constant stream of new devices to the market and many of them enjoy commercial success. But analysts warn that announcing new technology too soon after the introduction of a successful device can backfire: consumers may resent feeling pressured to spend money to replace a device they have just purchased, even if the new technology is clearly superior. The result is that consumers either do not buy the old device in anticipation of the new one, or they do not buy the new device out of resentment over having already spent their money on the old one. So if a company wishes to introduce a new device, it should wait until purchases of the old device have begun to decline. Which of the following, if true, would best support the claims made above? New technology often becomes less expensive after an initial surge in sales. Media outlets such as television and magazines often report on the planned introduction of new devices while sales of old devices are still strong. Consumers are usually able to determine whether new technology is superior to current technology. Surveys have shown that consumers prefer to make only one or two technology purchases per year. Consumers tend to be loyal to technology companies whose products they enjoy using.
31. Another of Hoyle's arguments can be summarized as follows: on Earth, all the natural occurrences of methane that we know of are associated with 'methanogens' (methane-producing bacteria). But there is evidence that methane is also present in some inter-planetary material in comets, for example. Therefore, it is likely that methanogens are present in these materials also. Which of the following is true of this argument?
A) It would be strengthened by the discovery of other compounds which occur both on earth and in comets, and whose terrestrial occurrence is strongly correlated with bacterial action.
B) Since this argument appeals to no analogies between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial phenomena, it does not need any explanation of how methanogens synthesize methane.
C) This argument has no evidential force with respect to the extra-terrestrial existence of bacteria unless it can be supplemented with an explanation of the process by which terrestrial bacteria synthesize methane.
D) The plausibility of Hoyle's conclusion would be seriously weakened if on-site explorations of other planets in our solar system were to reveal the existence of methanogenic bacteria there.
E) It would be strengthened if it were discovered that methane is generated in Antarctica, without bacterial action, at low temperatures, which approximate those of comets far out in the solar system.
36. Some philosophers of science claim that no serious scientific theory can be tested experimentally without taking for granted some other body of scientific beliefs, for we cannot interpret any experimental results without relying on such beliefs. If this is true, then which of the following conclusions seems most likely?
A) Any particular scientific theory can be consistently retained, even in the face of apparently incompatible evidence, if we are willing to give up certain other scientific beliefs.
B) Experimental evidence is really irrelevant to scientific theorizing.
C) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the testing of scientific theories than to their initial formulation.
D) Experimental evidence is more relevant to the initial formulation of scientific theories than to their testing.
E) The best scientific theories are those which are formulated in such a way as to be subject to conclusive experimental refutation.
I too had picked C for both of these but OA is A for both, find OE below. These are from 800score CAT 2
31> (A) is the only alternative which fits the description given of Hoyle's argument The argument clearly does appeal to a similarity between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial phenomena --that methane occurs both on earth and in comets. It concludes that there (probably) is a further similarity-that the methane in comets is the product of bacteria, just as it invariably is on earth. This line of argument would, of course, be strengthened by the discovery of further similarities of the first kind; for example, other compounds which occur in both places, and whose terrestrial occurrence is, like that of methane, strongly linked to bacterial action. (B) cannot be correct, since it denies that the original argument appeals to an analogy. Concerning (C), the argument might be strengthened if we had some good account of the process of bacterial production of methane. But we might know that this production is a fact, and even that it is, so far as we can tell, the only source of terrestrialmethagens without knowing that process. And in that case the analogy would still have some evidential force with respect to what happens extraterrestrially. The scenario in (D) would strengthen the plausibility of Hoyle's conclusion; indeed, it is hard to think of anything that would strengthen it more. The events described in (E) would weaken it by revealing an analogy which suggests a non-organic source of methane in comets.
36>Choice A is the conclusion which follows most directly from the philosophical thesis. If an experimental result is in conflict with some theory or set of beliefs, by discarding those experimental observations, we can retain the theory. Choices B,C, D, are incorrect, because the passage does not address the issue of the relevance of experimentation. Choice E may be true, but does not follow from the argument presented in the passage.
The pace of new technology brings a constant stream of new devices to the market and many of them enjoy commercial success. But analysts warn that announcing new technology too soon after the introduction of a successful device can backfire: consumers may resent feeling pressured to spend money to replace a device they have just purchased, even if the new technology is clearly superior. The result is that consumers either do not buy the old device in anticipation of the new one, or they do not buy the new device out of resentment over having already spent their money on the old one. So if a company wishes to introduce a new device, it should wait until purchases of the old device have begun to decline. Which of the following, if true, would best support the claims made above? New technology often becomes less expensive after an initial surge in sales. Media outlets such as television and magazines often report on the planned introduction of new devices while sales of old devices are still strong. Consumers are usually able to determine whether new technology is superior to current technology. Surveys have shown that consumers prefer to make only one or two technology purchases per year. Consumers tend to be loyal to technology companies whose products they enjoy using.
I will go with C. Entire argument relies heavily on what consumers have in mind and how will they behave on introduction of new technology. If consumers are not able to determine which one is superior, they will buy anything old or new. and "consumers either do not buy the old device in anticipation of the new one" will not be true. so the premise is broken which affects the conclusion. we need to defend it.
The pace of new technology brings a constant stream of new devices to the market and many of them enjoy commercial success. But analysts warn that announcing new technology too soon after the introduction of a successful device can backfire: consumers may resent feeling pressured to spend money to replace a device they have just purchased, even if the new technology is clearly superior. The result is that consumers either do not buy the old device in anticipation of the new one, or they do not buy the new device out of resentment over having already spent their money on the old one. So if a company wishes to introduce a new device, it should wait until purchases of the old device have begun to decline. Which of the following, if true, would best support the claims made above? New technology often becomes less expensive after an initial surge in sales. Media outlets such as television and magazines often report on the planned introduction of new devices while sales of old devices are still strong. Consumers are usually able to determine whether new technology is superior to current technology. Surveys have shown that consumers prefer to make only one or two technology purchases per year. Consumers tend to be loyal to technology companies whose products they enjoy using.
it is a close call between b and d my take Option b.
Joseph: My encyclopedia says that the mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in 1665 without leaving behind any written proof for a theorem that he claimed nonetheless to have proved. Probably this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved, since---as the article points out---no one else has been able to prove it. Therefore it is likely that Fermat was either lying or else mistaken when he made his claim. Laura: Your encyclopedia is out of date. Recently someone has in fact proved Fermat's theorem. And since the theorem is provable, your claim---that Fermat was lying or mistaken---clearly is wrong.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning error in Laura's argument? (A) It purports to establish its conclusion by making a claim that, if true, would actually contradict that conclusion. (B) It mistakenly assumes that the quality of a person's character can legitimately be taken to guarantee the accuracy of the claims that person has made. (C) It mistakes something that is necessary for its conclusion to follow for something that ensures that the conclusion follows. (D) It uses the term "provable" without defining it. (E) It fails to distinguish between a true claim that has mistakenly between believed to be false and a false claim that has mistakenly been believed to be true.
Joseph: My encyclopedia says that the mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in 1665 without leaving behind any written proof for a theorem that he claimed nonetheless to have proved. Probably this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved, since---as the article points out---no one else has been able to prove it. Therefore it is likely that Fermat was either lying or else mistaken when he made his claim. Laura: Your encyclopedia is out of date. Recently someone has in fact proved Fermats theorem. And since the theorem is provable, your claim---that Fermat was lying or mistaken---clearly is wrong.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning error in Lauras argument? (A) It purports to establish its conclusion by making a claim that, if true, would actually contradict that conclusion. (B) It mistakenly assumes that the quality of a persons character can legitimately be taken to guarantee the accuracy of the claims that person has made. (C) It mistakes something that is necessary for its conclusion to follow for something that ensures that the conclusion follows. (D) It uses the term provable without defining it. (E) It fails to distinguish between a true claim that has mistakenly between believed to be false and a false claim that has mistakenly been believed to be true.
Answer should be option C. It states that proof is necessary for the claim to be proved correct but it does not ensures that Fermet was not lying. Situation could be that Fermet never found the proof of his theorem.
1)The Mayor of Newtown: Many dog owners believe that they themselves can train their unruly dogs to develop good, companionable behavior, when in fact many dogs can only be made well-behaved through professional training. In order to protect public safety, either license requirements for dog owners should be raised to a level comparable to that for a driver's license or dog ownership should be banned in Newtown.
Which of the following would be most useful to evaluate the conclusion above?
A The number of dog owners in Newtown who used professional trainers
B The number of injuries caused by dogs in Newtown in the past
C The standard required for residents to get drivers' licenses in Newtown
D The proportion of Newtown residents who own dogs
E The cost of having a dog trained professionally in Newtown
2)Certain oil companies have been called poor corporate citizens because they have opposed government action to limit global warming by undermining scientific research that characterizes the issue as severe. However, these same oil companies have also invested millions of dollars in scientific research to address the long term effects of climate change.
Which of the following best explains the apparent discrepancy in the situation described above?
1 The oil companies only recently began investing in scientific research to address climate change issues.
2 The oil companies prefer to decide for themselves what actions to take as a result of their private research rather than to have certain actions mandated by the government.
3 Last year, the oil companies spent less on climate change research than they had in each of the preceding five years.
4 Scientific research has not produced any definitive results that characterize global warming as a severe problem.
5 The oil companies do not believe that any scientific research related to climate change will ultimately serve their interests.
1)The Mayor of Newtown: Many dog owners believe that they themselves can train their unruly dogs to develop good, companionable behavior, when in fact many dogs can only be made well-behaved through professional training. In order to protect public safety, either license requirements for dog owners should be raised to a level comparable to that for a driver's license or dog ownership should be banned in Newtown.
Which of the following would be most useful to evaluate the conclusion above?
A The number of dog owners in Newtown who used professional trainers
B The number of injuries caused by dogs in Newtown in the past
C The standard required for residents to get drivers' licenses in Newtown
D The proportion of Newtown residents who own dogs
E The cost of having a dog trained professionally in Newtown
2)Certain oil companies have been called poor corporate citizens because they have opposed government action to limit global warming by undermining scientific research that characterizes the issue as severe. However, these same oil companies have also invested millions of dollars in scientific research to address the long term effects of climate change.
Which of the following best explains the apparent discrepancy in the situation described above?
1 The oil companies only recently began investing in scientific research to address climate change issues.
2 The oil companies prefer to decide for themselves what actions to take as a result of their private research rather than to have certain actions mandated by the government.
3 Last year, the oil companies spent less on climate change research than they had in each of the preceding five years.
4 Scientific research has not produced any definitive results that characterize global warming as a severe problem.
5 The oil companies do not believe that any scientific research related to climate change will ultimately serve their interests.
