Lets get started with the Reading Comprehensions for Cat 2012
Link for 2011 RC thread :- http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/61599-rc-discussion-for-cat-2011-a.html
Good Luck !!!! [smiley] [smiley]
12
12
RC Discussion for CAT 2012
Verbal
Add more users
Searching for results...
Hello Puys,
Lets get started with the Reading Comprehensions for Cat 2012
Link for 2011 RC thread :- http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/61599-rc-discussion-for-cat-2011-a.html
Good Luck !!!! [smiley] [smiley]
Lets get started with the Reading Comprehensions for Cat 2012
Link for 2011 RC thread :- http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/61599-rc-discussion-for-cat-2011-a.html
Good Luck !!!! [smiley] [smiley]
Hello Puys,
Lets get started with the Reading Comprehensions for Cat 2012
Link for 2011 RC thread :- http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/61599-rc-discussion-for-cat-2011-a.html
Good Luck !!!!
Lets get started with the Reading Comprehensions for Cat 2012
Link for 2011 RC thread :- http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/english-resources/61599-rc-discussion-for-cat-2011-a.html
Good Luck !!!!
All unhappiness is caused by attachment..~Goutam Buddha
hello everybody. i'm varatharaj doing pre final year in mechanical engineering in coimbatore(tamilnadu).Right from the day i know about cat i started dreaming being an IIM er! MBA is my passion. im preparing for CAT 2013. As i was from a lower middle class background i cant afford to pay the coac...
hello everybody. i'm varatharaj doing pre final year in mechanical engineering in coimbatore(tamilnadu).Right from the day i know about cat i started dreaming being an IIM er! MBA is my passion. im preparing for CAT 2013. As i was from a lower middle class background i cant afford to pay the coaching class fee. now iam preparing for CAT using the books from my college library.
but those books are really confusing and deviated from the actual CAT questions.i dont have a pc too. so i cant refer any online materials. i spend 4 hours daily for preparing CAT. my friend advised me that 4 hours of such preparations=1 hour of preparation by using standard materials like TIME,IMS. i went to TIME and ask them whether i can get the materials alone for a cheaper price. they said they will provide material only along with a course. and that course costs 20000! i was heart broken! i desperately need some standard books. i would be greatly thankful if someone is will to donate extra materials or old materials! PG is my only hope. so please help me! thank you all
but those books are really confusing and deviated from the actual CAT questions.i dont have a pc too. so i cant refer any online materials. i spend 4 hours daily for preparing CAT. my friend advised me that 4 hours of such preparations=1 hour of preparation by using standard materials like TIME,IMS. i went to TIME and ask them whether i can get the materials alone for a cheaper price. they said they will provide material only along with a course. and that course costs 20000! i was heart broken! i desperately need some standard books. i would be greatly thankful if someone is will to donate extra materials or old materials! PG is my only hope. so please help me! thank you all
IF SOMEONE CAN DO IT, SO CAN YOU!
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bo...
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bo...
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in frequent fractures (breaks) in the bones. Osteopenia is a condition of bone that is slightly less dense than normal bone but not to the degree of bone in osteoporosis.
What are osteoporosis symptoms and signs?
Osteoporosis can be present without any symptoms for decades because osteoporosis doesn't cause symptoms until bone fractures. Moreover, some osteoporotic fractures may escape detection for years when they do not cause symptoms. Therefore, patients may not be aware of their osteoporosis until they suffer a painful fracture. The symptom associated with osteoporotic fractures usually is pain; the location of the pain depends on the location of the fracture. The symptoms of osteoporosis in men are similar to the symptoms of osteoporosis in women.
Hip fractures typically occur as a result of a fall. With osteoporosis, hip fractures can occur as a result of trivial accidents. Hip fractures also may heal slowly or poorly after surgical repair because of poor healing of the bone.
What are the consequences of osteoporosis?
Osteoporotic bone fractures are responsible for considerable pain, decreased quality of life, lost workdays, and disability. Up to 30% of patients suffering a hip fracture will require long-term nursing-home care. Elderly patients can develop pneumonia and blood clots in the leg veins that can travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) due to prolonged bed rest after the hip fracture. Osteoporosis has even been linked with an increased risk of death. Some 20% of women with a hip fracture will die in the subsequent year as an indirect result of the fracture. In addition, once a person has experienced a spine fracture due to osteoporosis, he or she is at very high risk of suffering another such fracture in the near future. About 20% of postmenopausal women who experience a vertebral fracture will suffer a new vertebral fracture of bone in the following year.
What is the treatment for osteoporosis, and can osteoporosis be prevented?
The goal of treatment of osteoporosis is the prevention of bone fractures by reducing bone loss or, preferably, by increasing bone density and strength. Although early detection and timely treatment of osteoporosis can substantially decrease the risk of future fractures, none of the available treatments for osteoporosis are complete cures. In other words, it is difficult to completely rebuild bone that has been weakened by osteoporosis. Therefore, prevention of osteoporosis is as important as treatment. The following are osteoporosis treatment and prevention measures:
Lifestyle changes
Exercise, quitting cigarettes, and curtailing alcohol
Exercise has a wide variety of beneficial health effects. However, exercise does not bring about substantial increases in bone density. The benefit of exercise for osteoporosis has mostly to do with decreasing the risk of falls, probably because balance is improved and/or muscle strength is increased. Research has not yet determined what type of exercise is best for osteoporosis or for how long it should be continued. Until research has answered these questions, most doctors recommend weight-bearing exercise, such as
walking, preferably daily.
Text 3: Questions 21-30
21. Osteopenia is
A. more serious than osteoporosis.
B. a similar condition to osteoporosis.
C. a condition which influences bone density.
D. a bone condition caused by frequent breaks.
22. Which statement is true of osteoporosis?
A. Osteoporosis is detected only when a bone breaks.
B. Osteoporosis can affect a person’s quality of life long before a bone breaks.
C. A break causing physical discomfort usually leads to the discovery of osteoporosis.
D. Pain is the symptom connected to all osteoporotic fractures.
23. Why is osteoporosis such a worrying condition?
A. It affects most old people, both men and women.
B. It is painful for decades.
C. By the time it is detected, damage to the bones may be very serious.
D. Some fractures may take longer to heal after an accident.
24. According to the text, a pulmonary embolism
A. is the formation of blood clots in the lungs.
B. is caused by hip fractures.
C. may be caused by inactivity over a long period of time.
D. is the formation of blood clots in the legs.
25. What does such fracture in line 26 refer to?
A. an indirect fracture
B. a vertebral fracture
C. a subsequent fracture
D. a hip fracture
26. Osteoporotic treatment’s preferred aim is
A. the reduction of bone loss by preventing fractures.
B. to restore bones to their previous condition.
C. to improve the density of bones and make them stronger.
D. to detect osteoporosis and treat fractures.
27. Which of the following statements is true?
A. More than a third of patients suffering from a broken hip will need long term nursing care.
B. Elderly patients can get a pulmonary embolism from travelling.
C. Hip fractures kill 20% of women within a year.
D. More postmenopausal women will not have a vertebral fracture in the next year than will.
28. Which of the following statements is true concerning exercise and osteoporosis?
A. Exercise has only indirect benefits for osteoporosis sufferers.
B. Daily weight-lifting is the recommended exercise.
C. Research indicates that the best type of exercise for osteoporosis is walking.
D. Exercise helps sufferers to give up smoking.
29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the article?
A. a fracture of the backbone
B. effects of osteoporosis
C. hip replacement surgery
D. risk of bone fracture
30. Which is the best definition of osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a
A. long term disease caused by porous, fragile bones. It is difficult to treat because sufferers often don’t know they are ill.
B. condition which affects both men and women making them more at risk of bone fractures and accidental falls.
C. bone condition caused by long term deterioration in the bone structure which leads to an increased risk of bone fracture.
D. bone condition resulting from a long term weakening in the strength of bones and muscles
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in frequent fractures (breaks) in the bones. Osteopenia is a condition of bone that is slightly less dense than normal bone but not to the degree of bone in osteoporosis.
What are osteoporosis symptoms and signs?
Osteoporosis can be present without any symptoms for decades because osteoporosis doesn't cause symptoms until bone fractures. Moreover, some osteoporotic fractures may escape detection for years when they do not cause symptoms. Therefore, patients may not be aware of their osteoporosis until they suffer a painful fracture. The symptom associated with osteoporotic fractures usually is pain; the location of the pain depends on the location of the fracture. The symptoms of osteoporosis in men are similar to the symptoms of osteoporosis in women.
Hip fractures typically occur as a result of a fall. With osteoporosis, hip fractures can occur as a result of trivial accidents. Hip fractures also may heal slowly or poorly after surgical repair because of poor healing of the bone.
What are the consequences of osteoporosis?
Osteoporotic bone fractures are responsible for considerable pain, decreased quality of life, lost workdays, and disability. Up to 30% of patients suffering a hip fracture will require long-term nursing-home care. Elderly patients can develop pneumonia and blood clots in the leg veins that can travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) due to prolonged bed rest after the hip fracture. Osteoporosis has even been linked with an increased risk of death. Some 20% of women with a hip fracture will die in the subsequent year as an indirect result of the fracture. In addition, once a person has experienced a spine fracture due to osteoporosis, he or she is at very high risk of suffering another such fracture in the near future. About 20% of postmenopausal women who experience a vertebral fracture will suffer a new vertebral fracture of bone in the following year.
What is the treatment for osteoporosis, and can osteoporosis be prevented?
The goal of treatment of osteoporosis is the prevention of bone fractures by reducing bone loss or, preferably, by increasing bone density and strength. Although early detection and timely treatment of osteoporosis can substantially decrease the risk of future fractures, none of the available treatments for osteoporosis are complete cures. In other words, it is difficult to completely rebuild bone that has been weakened by osteoporosis. Therefore, prevention of osteoporosis is as important as treatment. The following are osteoporosis treatment and prevention measures:
Lifestyle changes
Exercise, quitting cigarettes, and curtailing alcohol
Exercise has a wide variety of beneficial health effects. However, exercise does not bring about substantial increases in bone density. The benefit of exercise for osteoporosis has mostly to do with decreasing the risk of falls, probably because balance is improved and/or muscle strength is increased. Research has not yet determined what type of exercise is best for osteoporosis or for how long it should be continued. Until research has answered these questions, most doctors recommend weight-bearing exercise, such as
walking, preferably daily.
Text 3: Questions 21-30
21. Osteopenia is
A. more serious than osteoporosis.
B. a similar condition to osteoporosis.
C. a condition which influences bone density.
D. a bone condition caused by frequent breaks.
22. Which statement is true of osteoporosis?
A. Osteoporosis is detected only when a bone breaks.
B. Osteoporosis can affect a person’s quality of life long before a bone breaks.
C. A break causing physical discomfort usually leads to the discovery of osteoporosis.
D. Pain is the symptom connected to all osteoporotic fractures.
23. Why is osteoporosis such a worrying condition?
A. It affects most old people, both men and women.
B. It is painful for decades.
C. By the time it is detected, damage to the bones may be very serious.
D. Some fractures may take longer to heal after an accident.
24. According to the text, a pulmonary embolism
A. is the formation of blood clots in the lungs.
B. is caused by hip fractures.
C. may be caused by inactivity over a long period of time.
D. is the formation of blood clots in the legs.
25. What does such fracture in line 26 refer to?
A. an indirect fracture
B. a vertebral fracture
C. a subsequent fracture
D. a hip fracture
26. Osteoporotic treatment’s preferred aim is
A. the reduction of bone loss by preventing fractures.
B. to restore bones to their previous condition.
C. to improve the density of bones and make them stronger.
D. to detect osteoporosis and treat fractures.
27. Which of the following statements is true?
A. More than a third of patients suffering from a broken hip will need long term nursing care.
B. Elderly patients can get a pulmonary embolism from travelling.
C. Hip fractures kill 20% of women within a year.
D. More postmenopausal women will not have a vertebral fracture in the next year than will.
28. Which of the following statements is true concerning exercise and osteoporosis?
A. Exercise has only indirect benefits for osteoporosis sufferers.
B. Daily weight-lifting is the recommended exercise.
C. Research indicates that the best type of exercise for osteoporosis is walking.
D. Exercise helps sufferers to give up smoking.
29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the article?
A. a fracture of the backbone
B. effects of osteoporosis
C. hip replacement surgery
D. risk of bone fracture
30. Which is the best definition of osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a
A. long term disease caused by porous, fragile bones. It is difficult to treat because sufferers often don’t know they are ill.
B. condition which affects both men and women making them more at risk of bone fractures and accidental falls.
C. bone condition caused by long term deterioration in the bone structure which leads to an increased risk of bone fracture.
D. bone condition resulting from a long term weakening in the strength of bones and muscles
Text 2 Malaria
What is malaria?
Malaria is caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism or parasite called a protozoan. There are four important species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each...
What is malaria?
Malaria is caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism or parasite called a protozoan. There are four important species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each...
Text 2 Malaria
What is malaria?
Malaria is caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism or parasite called a protozoan. There are four important species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each has a slightly different effect. These organisms are carried from person to person by the Anopheles mosquito. When it bites an infected person, the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which may then be passed on to the mosquito's next victim.
Symptoms of malaria
The main symptom of malaria is a fever that occurs in regular episodes, with sweating and shivers (known as rigors), and exhaustion (because of anaemia). In some cases, it can affect the brain or kidneys.
Who's at risk of malaria?
Malaria occurs where the Anopheles mosquito breeds, predominantly in rural tropical areas. From a UK perspective, it's a threat to people travelling to malarial regions in Africa, the Middle East, Asia and central America. Each year about 2,000 people return to the UK with malaria, and approximately 12 people a year die as a consequence of the disease. Malaria is a major killer in many countries where resources for prevention, proper diagnosis and drug treatments are lacking. If diagnosed promptly, it can be easily treated but the symptoms can be vague and UK doctors may not immediately be thinking about tropical infections. About 90 per cent of travellers who contract malaria do not become ill until after they return home. Only about 12 per cent of these will become seriously ill. On average, symptoms develop 10 days to four weeks after being bitten, but symptoms can appear up to a year later. The most severe form of the disease is cerebral malaria, which is fatal in up to six per cent of adults, mainly because it's not diagnosed until it's too late. Don't make the mistake of assuming you're safe from infection if you have previously lived in a malarial region - you may build up some immunity to the disease but this can be lost quickly. And if your children were born in the UK, they'll have no immunity at all. If you're going to visit, travel through, or even just stop over in a malarial country you'll be at risk, even if you have lived there before.
Preventing malaria
By far the most important step is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes by:
• Using effective insect repellent
• Wearing long sleeves and full-length trousers
• Staying in accommodation with screen doors and closing windows
Before you travel, check whether your holiday destination is affected by malaria. Take the recommended antimalarial drugs. Generally speaking, these are taken from one week before you travel until one month after you return, but this can vary depending on the type of drug and the country you're visiting. Even when taken exactly as advised, antimalarial drugs are not 100 per cent effective, so you should still take the other preventive measures listed above. A major problem is the steady increase in malaria's resistance to drugs used in both prevention and treatment. Always talk to your doctor if you are worried - don't just stop taking antimalarials without getting medical advice. If you develop symptoms, get help quickly - and don't forget to tell the doctor you've travelled to a malarial area. Treatment is with antimalarial medication. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the search for a malaria vaccine, and it's hoped one will be available within the next five to 10 years.
Text 2: Questions 11-20
11. What does each refer to in line 4?
A. type of malaria
B. protozoan
C. Plasmodium falciparum
D. Plasmodium vivax
12. According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
A. All mosquitoes carry the malaria protozoa parasite.
B. Malaria is primarily transferred by mosquitoes.
C. Most mosquitoes die from infected blood.
D. Mosquitoes will only bite an infected person.
13. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of malaria?
A. a high temperature
B. extreme tiredness
C. trembling
D. regular episodes of brain damage
14. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Annually, 2000 people returning home to the UK die of malaria.
B. Every year, 12% of people in the UK die of malaria.
C. Every year, approximately 12 people die from being bitten in the UK by a mosquito.
D. Less than 1% of people returning to the UK with malaria die from this disease.
15. What can we infer from the following statement about malaria?
“If diagnosed promptly, it can be easily treated but the symptoms can be vague and UK doctors may not immediately be thinking about tropical infections.” (lines 18 – 20)
Doctors in the UK
A. do not know about tropical infections such as malaria.
B. do not know about the symptoms of malaria.
C. may not immediately indentify this disease.
D. do not identify illness promptly.
16. According to the text, which one of the following people will have most likely developed complete immunity to malaria?
A. A person who was born in the UK.
B. A person who spends long periods of time in malarial countries.
C. A person who frequently travels from the UK to malarial regions.
D. None of the people mentioned above.
17. If a traveller spent three weeks in a malarial country, for how long would he have to take antimalarial drugs?
A. Three weeks
B. Four weeks
C. One week
D. Eight weeks
18. What is the problem with drugs used to treat and prevent malaria?
A. Mosquitoes are becoming resistant to these drugs.
B. The malaria protozoa are becoming resistant to these drugs.
C. People are steadily becoming more resistant to malaria and no longer need these drugs.
D. People stop taking these drugs without getting the proper medical advice.
19. According to the text, which one of the following statements is true about a malaria vaccine?
A. Ten years ago, scientists created a new malaria vaccine.
B. A malaria vaccine will be available in the next five to ten years.
C. A malaria vaccine may be available in the near future.
D. A malaria vaccine will be sold in the next five to ten years.
20. Who is this article probably aimed at?
A. a doctor who is studying the effects of malaria
B. a person who is from a malarial country
C. a person who is going to visit a malarial country
D. a person who would like to eradicate malaria
What is malaria?
Malaria is caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism or parasite called a protozoan. There are four important species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each has a slightly different effect. These organisms are carried from person to person by the Anopheles mosquito. When it bites an infected person, the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which may then be passed on to the mosquito's next victim.
Symptoms of malaria
The main symptom of malaria is a fever that occurs in regular episodes, with sweating and shivers (known as rigors), and exhaustion (because of anaemia). In some cases, it can affect the brain or kidneys.
Who's at risk of malaria?
Malaria occurs where the Anopheles mosquito breeds, predominantly in rural tropical areas. From a UK perspective, it's a threat to people travelling to malarial regions in Africa, the Middle East, Asia and central America. Each year about 2,000 people return to the UK with malaria, and approximately 12 people a year die as a consequence of the disease. Malaria is a major killer in many countries where resources for prevention, proper diagnosis and drug treatments are lacking. If diagnosed promptly, it can be easily treated but the symptoms can be vague and UK doctors may not immediately be thinking about tropical infections. About 90 per cent of travellers who contract malaria do not become ill until after they return home. Only about 12 per cent of these will become seriously ill. On average, symptoms develop 10 days to four weeks after being bitten, but symptoms can appear up to a year later. The most severe form of the disease is cerebral malaria, which is fatal in up to six per cent of adults, mainly because it's not diagnosed until it's too late. Don't make the mistake of assuming you're safe from infection if you have previously lived in a malarial region - you may build up some immunity to the disease but this can be lost quickly. And if your children were born in the UK, they'll have no immunity at all. If you're going to visit, travel through, or even just stop over in a malarial country you'll be at risk, even if you have lived there before.
Preventing malaria
By far the most important step is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes by:
• Using effective insect repellent
• Wearing long sleeves and full-length trousers
• Staying in accommodation with screen doors and closing windows
Before you travel, check whether your holiday destination is affected by malaria. Take the recommended antimalarial drugs. Generally speaking, these are taken from one week before you travel until one month after you return, but this can vary depending on the type of drug and the country you're visiting. Even when taken exactly as advised, antimalarial drugs are not 100 per cent effective, so you should still take the other preventive measures listed above. A major problem is the steady increase in malaria's resistance to drugs used in both prevention and treatment. Always talk to your doctor if you are worried - don't just stop taking antimalarials without getting medical advice. If you develop symptoms, get help quickly - and don't forget to tell the doctor you've travelled to a malarial area. Treatment is with antimalarial medication. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the search for a malaria vaccine, and it's hoped one will be available within the next five to 10 years.
Text 2: Questions 11-20
11. What does each refer to in line 4?
A. type of malaria
B. protozoan
C. Plasmodium falciparum
D. Plasmodium vivax
12. According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
A. All mosquitoes carry the malaria protozoa parasite.
B. Malaria is primarily transferred by mosquitoes.
C. Most mosquitoes die from infected blood.
D. Mosquitoes will only bite an infected person.
13. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of malaria?
A. a high temperature
B. extreme tiredness
C. trembling
D. regular episodes of brain damage
14. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Annually, 2000 people returning home to the UK die of malaria.
B. Every year, 12% of people in the UK die of malaria.
C. Every year, approximately 12 people die from being bitten in the UK by a mosquito.
D. Less than 1% of people returning to the UK with malaria die from this disease.
15. What can we infer from the following statement about malaria?
“If diagnosed promptly, it can be easily treated but the symptoms can be vague and UK doctors may not immediately be thinking about tropical infections.” (lines 18 – 20)
Doctors in the UK
A. do not know about tropical infections such as malaria.
B. do not know about the symptoms of malaria.
C. may not immediately indentify this disease.
D. do not identify illness promptly.
16. According to the text, which one of the following people will have most likely developed complete immunity to malaria?
A. A person who was born in the UK.
B. A person who spends long periods of time in malarial countries.
C. A person who frequently travels from the UK to malarial regions.
D. None of the people mentioned above.
17. If a traveller spent three weeks in a malarial country, for how long would he have to take antimalarial drugs?
A. Three weeks
B. Four weeks
C. One week
D. Eight weeks
18. What is the problem with drugs used to treat and prevent malaria?
A. Mosquitoes are becoming resistant to these drugs.
B. The malaria protozoa are becoming resistant to these drugs.
C. People are steadily becoming more resistant to malaria and no longer need these drugs.
D. People stop taking these drugs without getting the proper medical advice.
19. According to the text, which one of the following statements is true about a malaria vaccine?
A. Ten years ago, scientists created a new malaria vaccine.
B. A malaria vaccine will be available in the next five to ten years.
C. A malaria vaccine may be available in the near future.
D. A malaria vaccine will be sold in the next five to ten years.
20. Who is this article probably aimed at?
A. a doctor who is studying the effects of malaria
B. a person who is from a malarial country
C. a person who is going to visit a malarial country
D. a person who would like to eradicate malaria
Insomnia
What is insomnia?
Insomnia is repeated difficulty in getting to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough good quality sleep, despite adequate opportunity, which leads to some form of impairment of performance or wellbeing during the daytime. If it occurs regularly or over a long per...
What is insomnia?
Insomnia is repeated difficulty in getting to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough good quality sleep, despite adequate opportunity, which leads to some form of impairment of performance or wellbeing during the daytime. If it occurs regularly or over a long per...
Insomnia
What is insomnia?
Insomnia is repeated difficulty in getting to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough good quality sleep, despite adequate opportunity, which leads to some form of impairment of performance or wellbeing during the daytime. If it occurs regularly or over a long period of time, it's called chronic insomnia. About one in three adults will have had some sort of problem with insomnia within the past 12 months. For most the problem is fairly short-lived, but for as many as one in ten it becomes a chronic problem which significantly affects their life. There are many different patterns of insomnia. For example, one in three people with insomnia have no problem getting off to sleep but then wake in the early hours and cannot get back to sleep.
Causes of insomnia
A common trigger forsleeping difficulties is stress and worry. Some people are particularly vulnerable because they are more likely to show a more extreme response to stress, such as people who are depressed, chronically ill or struggling with other difficult issues such as relationship problems. Other common causes include physical illness that causes pain, environmental noise, depression, shift work, caffeine or alcohol consumption, and medication side-effects. Other illnesses can disrupt sleep, such as menopausal hot flushes and urinary problems from infection or prostate disease causing night-time waking. Insomnia is much more common in older people. Once triggered, sleep problems may then be perpetuated by the individuals’ beliefs and behaviours – theyoften worry excessively about the effect that inadequate sleep will have on them and so strive excessively hard to get to sleep, take daytime naps or sleep in late which can disrupt the natural rhythm, or turn to medicines or alcohol in the belief that this will help (most just induce unnatural patterns of sleep). A vicious cycle of poor sleep and stress is quickly set up and persists after the initial trigger has passed.
9)______________________________ (Paragraph 3)
Insomnia contributes to excessive daytime tiredness, which in turn may be responsible for accidents, recurrent infections (inadequate sleep has been shown to suppress the immune system), poor concentration, irritability, work and relationship problems and a general inability to cope. In children it may be linked to poor growth.
10)_____________________________ (Paragraph 4)
Sleeping tablets may be prescribed for short-term use only, when the cause of insomnia has been identified as bereavement or jet lag, for example. However, it's usually more important toaddress any underlying cause of the insomnia and attempt to restore a normal sleep pattern through changes in behaviour and lifestyle. Deal with issues and anxieties which may keep you awake worrying. Make sure your bedroom is dark, cool and unstimulating and that your bed is comfortable and not too hot. Try to follow a set routine, going to sleep and getting up at the same time and avoiding daytime naps, and don’t work or watch TV in your bedroom. Recent research has shown that the effect of cooling on the body, and particularly the brain, such as following a bath, shower or hairwashing, can induce sleep. You should also try avoiding stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Getting more exercise during the day, having a warm milky drink before bed, and herbs such as valerian and camomile can also help.
Source: Insomnia by Dr.Rob Hicks featured on the BBC Health website –July 2011.
Text 1: Questions 1-10
1. Insomnia is
A.brought about when people do not have enough time to sleep.
B.caused when people do not want to sleep.
C.related to problems of getting to sleep and sleeping well.
D.related to problems associated with staying asleep for long periods of time.
2. Chronic insomnia refers to
A.sleeping problems that significantly affect our lives.
B.sleeping problems that last for a long period of time.
C.sleeping problems that occasionally disrupt our daily lives.
D.sleeping problems that are caused by illness.
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A.For the majority of people insomnia is a temporary condition.
B.For most people insomnia generally lasts for a period of twelve months.
C.Insomnia significantly affects the lives of the majority of the population.
D.The majority of people who have insomnia suffer from chronic insomnia.
4. Which of the following can best replace trigger for in line 12?
A.effect of
B.cause of
C.problem with
D.consequence of
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common cause of sleeping problems?
A.Painful physical illness
B.Noise
C.Changing your job
D.Regularly changing your work timetable
6. What does they in line 20 refer to?
A.sleep problems
B.individuals’ beliefs and behaviours
C.individuals
D.effects
7. Why is it not a good idea to take a daytime nap?
A. because we will sleep less at night
B. because this will disturb our natural sleep patterns
C. because we will need to take medicines to get to sleep
D. because we will sleep too much
8. Which of the following can best replace address in line 34?
A. place
B. locate
C. deal with
D. understand
9. Choose the best heading for paragraph 3 from the list of
headings on the right.
10. Choose the best heading for paragraph 4 from the list of
headings on the right.
Headings
A.Curing insomnia
B.Treatment of insomnia
C.Insomnia and mental illness
D.How insomnia causes problems at work
E.Effects of insomnia
What is insomnia?
Insomnia is repeated difficulty in getting to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough good quality sleep, despite adequate opportunity, which leads to some form of impairment of performance or wellbeing during the daytime. If it occurs regularly or over a long period of time, it's called chronic insomnia. About one in three adults will have had some sort of problem with insomnia within the past 12 months. For most the problem is fairly short-lived, but for as many as one in ten it becomes a chronic problem which significantly affects their life. There are many different patterns of insomnia. For example, one in three people with insomnia have no problem getting off to sleep but then wake in the early hours and cannot get back to sleep.
Causes of insomnia
A common trigger forsleeping difficulties is stress and worry. Some people are particularly vulnerable because they are more likely to show a more extreme response to stress, such as people who are depressed, chronically ill or struggling with other difficult issues such as relationship problems. Other common causes include physical illness that causes pain, environmental noise, depression, shift work, caffeine or alcohol consumption, and medication side-effects. Other illnesses can disrupt sleep, such as menopausal hot flushes and urinary problems from infection or prostate disease causing night-time waking. Insomnia is much more common in older people. Once triggered, sleep problems may then be perpetuated by the individuals’ beliefs and behaviours – theyoften worry excessively about the effect that inadequate sleep will have on them and so strive excessively hard to get to sleep, take daytime naps or sleep in late which can disrupt the natural rhythm, or turn to medicines or alcohol in the belief that this will help (most just induce unnatural patterns of sleep). A vicious cycle of poor sleep and stress is quickly set up and persists after the initial trigger has passed.
9)______________________________ (Paragraph 3)
Insomnia contributes to excessive daytime tiredness, which in turn may be responsible for accidents, recurrent infections (inadequate sleep has been shown to suppress the immune system), poor concentration, irritability, work and relationship problems and a general inability to cope. In children it may be linked to poor growth.
10)_____________________________ (Paragraph 4)
Sleeping tablets may be prescribed for short-term use only, when the cause of insomnia has been identified as bereavement or jet lag, for example. However, it's usually more important toaddress any underlying cause of the insomnia and attempt to restore a normal sleep pattern through changes in behaviour and lifestyle. Deal with issues and anxieties which may keep you awake worrying. Make sure your bedroom is dark, cool and unstimulating and that your bed is comfortable and not too hot. Try to follow a set routine, going to sleep and getting up at the same time and avoiding daytime naps, and don’t work or watch TV in your bedroom. Recent research has shown that the effect of cooling on the body, and particularly the brain, such as following a bath, shower or hairwashing, can induce sleep. You should also try avoiding stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Getting more exercise during the day, having a warm milky drink before bed, and herbs such as valerian and camomile can also help.
Source: Insomnia by Dr.Rob Hicks featured on the BBC Health website –July 2011.
Text 1: Questions 1-10
1. Insomnia is
A.brought about when people do not have enough time to sleep.
B.caused when people do not want to sleep.
C.related to problems of getting to sleep and sleeping well.
D.related to problems associated with staying asleep for long periods of time.
2. Chronic insomnia refers to
A.sleeping problems that significantly affect our lives.
B.sleeping problems that last for a long period of time.
C.sleeping problems that occasionally disrupt our daily lives.
D.sleeping problems that are caused by illness.
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A.For the majority of people insomnia is a temporary condition.
B.For most people insomnia generally lasts for a period of twelve months.
C.Insomnia significantly affects the lives of the majority of the population.
D.The majority of people who have insomnia suffer from chronic insomnia.
4. Which of the following can best replace trigger for in line 12?
A.effect of
B.cause of
C.problem with
D.consequence of
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common cause of sleeping problems?
A.Painful physical illness
B.Noise
C.Changing your job
D.Regularly changing your work timetable
6. What does they in line 20 refer to?
A.sleep problems
B.individuals’ beliefs and behaviours
C.individuals
D.effects
7. Why is it not a good idea to take a daytime nap?
A. because we will sleep less at night
B. because this will disturb our natural sleep patterns
C. because we will need to take medicines to get to sleep
D. because we will sleep too much
8. Which of the following can best replace address in line 34?
A. place
B. locate
C. deal with
D. understand
9. Choose the best heading for paragraph 3 from the list of
headings on the right.
10. Choose the best heading for paragraph 4 from the list of
headings on the right.
Headings
A.Curing insomnia
B.Treatment of insomnia
C.Insomnia and mental illness
D.How insomnia causes problems at work
E.Effects of insomnia
@angadsharma dude its better 2 do gmat officilal webpage...like litesee.com...its realy helpful
meet ...ignor kr
@liverpool9903 said:rcprep.com/view_passages.php?u...Puys, Click on the link and solve Passage#1Its CAT 1990, Passage-1, Will upload other passages as soon as possible.
CAT 1990 Passage-2 is the Passage#2 on the website, solve away. :)
Trying 2 change the world, But its difficult when people around you are dumber than a bag of rocks.
http://rcprep.com/view_passages.php?username=pagalguy
Puys, Click on the link and solve Passage#1
Its CAT 1990, Passage-1, Will upload other passages as soon as possible.
Puys, Click on the link and solve Passage#1
Its CAT 1990, Passage-1, Will upload other passages as soon as possible.
http://rcprep.com/view_passages.php?username=pagalguy
Puys, Click on the link and solve Passage#1
Its CAT 1990, Passage-1, Will upload other passages as soon as possible.
Puys, Click on the link and solve Passage#1
Its CAT 1990, Passage-1, Will upload other passages as soon as possible.
Trying 2 change the world, But its difficult when people around you are dumber than a bag of rocks.
Hey Puys, Just chk out this webiste http://rcprep.com/
It is by far the best simulator i've seen on the net and we can post our passages to..Anybody who has a list of passages with them can register and help people out.
FYI...Help me out too...
It is by far the best simulator i've seen on the net and we can post our passages to..Anybody who has a list of passages with them can register and help people out.
FYI...Help me out too...
Hey Puys, Just chk out this webiste http://rcprep.com/
It is by far the best simulator i've seen on the net and we can post our passages to..Anybody who has a list of passages with them can register and help people out.
FYI...Help me out too...
It is by far the best simulator i've seen on the net and we can post our passages to..Anybody who has a list of passages with them can register and help people out.
FYI...Help me out too...
Trying 2 change the world, But its difficult when people around you are dumber than a bag of rocks.
agreed :)
He that goes to the law for a sheep,will be apt to loose a cow
@jaiswalicsi
Hi..If you carefully read para 3, two kinds of fault in poetry are explained,nowhere does he mentions which kind of error is justified.
Next come to para 4 ,refer these lines "If he describes the impossible, he is guilty of an error; but the error may be justified, if the end ...
Hi..If you carefully read para 3, two kinds of fault in poetry are explained,nowhere does he mentions which kind of error is justified.
Next come to para 4 ,refer these lines "If he describes the impossible, he is guilty of an error; but the error may be justified, if the end ...
1
1
@jaiswalicsi
Hi..If you carefully read para 3, two kinds of fault in poetry are explained,nowhere does he mentions which kind of error is justified.
Next come to para 4 ,refer these lines "If he describes the impossible, he is guilty of an error; but the error may be justified, if the end of the art be thereby attained – if, that is, the effect of this or any other part of the poem is thus rendered more striking. If, however, the end might have been as well, or better, attained without violating the special rules of the poetic art, the error is not justified, for every kind of error should, if possible, be avoided.For example, not to know that a hind has no horns is a less serious matter than to paint it inartistically. "
In these lines ,the author explains what kind of errors are justified.In the OA, it clearly mentions that
option “c” is a factual error but is justifiable since poet’s artistic goals
are met ,same is the case with option "a","d" and "e".
Acc to me the best strategy to tackle such questions is by eliminating all choice which satisfy author's criteria.Do let me know if you have any other questions.cheers!
Quid Pro Quo
yaar for 1st one , there's a word 'advertence' in para 3 which according to poet is not justified ,if an historical event, is entered wrongly it is a fault of advertence and hence not justified reflected in option c please clarify
@Argod said:OA for 2291) When is an error in poetry not justified? Easier to predict by remembering when an error is justified. In ¶2 the author divides errors into faults in the poetry itself and errors in the subject matter, arguing in ¶3 that errors in the poetry itself are justified if the effect is ―rendered more striking.‖ Justifications for factual errors are described in ¶4. Look for an answer choice that doesn‘t meet these criteria. (B) does this: it‘s an example of an error inherent to the poetry which, since it‘s awkward, doesn‘t create a more striking effect. As an essential error without a higher purpose, it‘s therefore not justified.(A): Out of Scope. There‘s nothing in this metaphor to suggest any obvious errors, justifiable or otherwise.(B): The correct answer(C): Opposite. This is a factual error, but since the poet‘s artistic goals have been achieved, it‘s forgivable for any of the reasons in ¶4.(D): Opposite. This also might be a factual error, but could be justified again by the responses in ¶4: the poet would argue that humans are being portrayed as they should be.(E): Incorrect, as described above.
yaar for 1st one , there's a word 'advertence' in para 3 which according to poet is not justified ,if an historical event, is entered wrongly it is a fault of advertence and hence not justified reflected in option c please clarify
He that goes to the law for a sheep,will be apt to loose a cow
OA for 229
1) When is an error in poetry not justified? Easier to predict by remembering when an error is justified. In ¶2 the author divides errors into faults in the poetry itself and errors in the subject matter, arguing in ¶3 that errors in the poetry itself are justified if the effect is ...
1) When is an error in poetry not justified? Easier to predict by remembering when an error is justified. In ¶2 the author divides errors into faults in the poetry itself and errors in the subject matter, arguing in ¶3 that errors in the poetry itself are justified if the effect is ...
OA for 229
2) Review the comparison of Sophocles to Euripides in ¶5. The passage says that ―...Sophocles said that he drew men as they ought to be; Euripides, as they are.‖ Paraphrase: Euripides portrayed people realistically; Sophocles‘ subjects weren‘t factually correct, but reflected what he thought people ought to act like. (C) closely follows from this.
(A): Opposite. Euripides portrayed people realistically; this answer choice states the opposite.
(B): Opposite. Sophocles portrayed his subjects idealistically, which suggests that his portrayals were not at all like people's view of reality.
(C): The correct answer
(D): Distortion. Though Euripides portrays people realistically, there‘s no evidence that he portrays them especially unfavourably in order to get a moral across.
(E): Out of scope. This cannot be inferred from the passage.
3) If the author believes that the poet‘s role is to imitate like any other artist, what must he also believe? That the basic task of all art is the same: imitation. The author would therefore agree with (B); since both poetry and sculpture are art, they are both similar in their task of imitation.
(A): Opposite. The author in fact believes that different types of artistic talent are similar in that they all imitate the same basic subjects.
(B): The correct answer
(C): Out of Scope. No superiority is suggested, nor would it make sense for the author to argue this if the basic task of all art is the same.
(D): Out of Scope. Though the author believes that poetry can have errors, there‘s no suggestion that poetry‘s way of representing things is inefficient.
(E): Out of Scope.
1) When is an error in poetry not justified? Easier to predict by remembering when an error is justified. In ¶2 the author divides errors into faults in the poetry itself and errors in the subject matter, arguing in ¶3 that errors in the poetry itself are justified if the effect is ―rendered more striking.‖ Justifications for factual errors are described in ¶4. Look for an answer choice that doesn‘t meet these criteria. (B) does this: it‘s an example of an error inherent to the poetry which, since it‘s awkward, doesn‘t create a more striking effect. As an essential error without a higher purpose, it‘s therefore not justified.
(A): Out of Scope. There‘s nothing in this metaphor to suggest any obvious errors, justifiable or otherwise.
(B): The correct answer
(C): Opposite. This is a factual error, but since the poet‘s artistic goals have been achieved, it‘s forgivable for any of the reasons in ¶4.
(D): Opposite. This also might be a factual error, but could be justified again by the responses in ¶4: the poet would argue that humans are being portrayed as they should be.
(E): Incorrect, as described above.
(A): Out of Scope. There‘s nothing in this metaphor to suggest any obvious errors, justifiable or otherwise.
(B): The correct answer
(C): Opposite. This is a factual error, but since the poet‘s artistic goals have been achieved, it‘s forgivable for any of the reasons in ¶4.
(D): Opposite. This also might be a factual error, but could be justified again by the responses in ¶4: the poet would argue that humans are being portrayed as they should be.
(E): Incorrect, as described above.
2) Review the comparison of Sophocles to Euripides in ¶5. The passage says that ―...Sophocles said that he drew men as they ought to be; Euripides, as they are.‖ Paraphrase: Euripides portrayed people realistically; Sophocles‘ subjects weren‘t factually correct, but reflected what he thought people ought to act like. (C) closely follows from this.
(A): Opposite. Euripides portrayed people realistically; this answer choice states the opposite.
(B): Opposite. Sophocles portrayed his subjects idealistically, which suggests that his portrayals were not at all like people's view of reality.
(C): The correct answer
(D): Distortion. Though Euripides portrays people realistically, there‘s no evidence that he portrays them especially unfavourably in order to get a moral across.
(E): Out of scope. This cannot be inferred from the passage.
3) If the author believes that the poet‘s role is to imitate like any other artist, what must he also believe? That the basic task of all art is the same: imitation. The author would therefore agree with (B); since both poetry and sculpture are art, they are both similar in their task of imitation.
(A): Opposite. The author in fact believes that different types of artistic talent are similar in that they all imitate the same basic subjects.
(B): The correct answer
(C): Out of Scope. No superiority is suggested, nor would it make sense for the author to argue this if the basic task of all art is the same.
(D): Out of Scope. Though the author believes that poetry can have errors, there‘s no suggestion that poetry‘s way of representing things is inefficient.
(E): Out of Scope.
Quid Pro Quo
Can someone post the new kind of RC questions that is coming in CAT for practice?
Can someone post the new kind of RC questions that is coming in CAT for practice?
rc 229
1.C
2.C
3.A
He that goes to the law for a sheep,will be apt to loose a cow
Dream as if you'll live forever; Live as if you'll die today!
RC 229
In general, the impossible must be justified by reference to artistic requirements, or to the higher reality, or to received opinion. With respect to the requirements of art, a probable impossibility is to be preferred to a thing improbable and yet possible. And by extrapolation, it goe...
In general, the impossible must be justified by reference to artistic requirements, or to the higher reality, or to received opinion. With respect to the requirements of art, a probable impossibility is to be preferred to a thing improbable and yet possible. And by extrapolation, it goe...
RC 229
In
general, the impossible must be justified by reference to artistic
requirements, or to the higher reality, or to received opinion. With respect to
the requirements of art, a probable impossibility is to be preferred to a thing
improbable and yet possible. And by extrapolation, it goes without saying that
the improbable impossibility makes for a not too enticing option while the
probable possibility will not even be discussed here as it, by its very nature,
tends towards the mundane.
The poet being an imitator, like a painter or any other artist, must of necessity imitate one of three objects – things as they were or are, in the past – be it ancient or near – and in the present – as he observes those things around him or those things that are observed by others contemporary to him; things as they are said or thought to be, be they products of philosophical discourse, a study in divinity, or the mythos of a people; or things as they ought to be as often expressed in laments for the state of affairs in a society. The vehicle of expression is language – either current terms or, it may be, rare words or metaphors. There are also many modifications of language which we concede to the poets. Add to this that the standard of correctness is not the same in poetry and politics, any more than in poetry and any other art.
Within the art of poetry itself there are two kinds of faults – those which touch its essence, and those which are of the cause of a lack of advertence. If a poet has chosen to imitate something, but has fallen short through want of capacity, the error is inherent in the poetry. But if the failure is due to a wrong choice – if he has represented a horse as throwing out both his off legs at once, or introduces technical inaccuracies in medicine, for example, or in any other art – the error is not essential to the poetry. These are the points of view from which we should consider and answer the objections raised by the critics.
As to matters which concern the poet‘s own art. If he describes the impossible, he is guilty of an error; but the error may be justified, if the end of the art be thereby attained – if, that is, the effect of this or any other part of the poem is thus rendered more striking. If, however, the end might have been as well, or better, attained without violating the special rules of the poetic art, the error is not justified, for every kind of error should, if possible, be avoided. Again, does the error touch the essentials of the poetic art, or some accident of it? For example, not to know that a hind has no horns is a less serious matter than to paint it inartistically.
Further, if it be objected that the description is not true to fact, the poet may perhaps reply – ―But the objects are as they ought to be‖: just as Sophocles said that he drew men as they ought to be; Euripides, as they are. In this way the objection may be met. If, however, the representation is of neither kind, the poet may answer – "This is how men say the thing is." This applies to tales about the gods. It may well be that these stories are not higher than fact nor yet true to fact. But anyhow, ―"this is what is said." Again, a description may be no better than the fact.
2. The author brings up the ancient Greek poets Sophocles and Euripides to make a point within the passage. According to the information cited in the passage, they differ from each other in that:
A. Euripides‘ characters provide ideal models of human behaviour.
B. Sophocles portrays people as common public opinion supposed them to be.
C. the characters in Sophocles‘ work are meant to inspire improved human behaviour and actions.
D. humans are unfavourably described by Euripides in order to show detrimental behaviour to avoid.
E. one of them makes a much greater use of metaphors than the other
3. The author‘s argument that the poet is ―"an imitator, like a painter or any other artist" suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
A. Different types of creative or aesthetic talent have different means of representation.
B. Creating text and chiselling marble are similar forms of representation.
C. The visual arts are superior to the rhetorical arts.
D. The forms of imitation found in poetry are inefficient.
E. painting is easier than writing poems
The poet being an imitator, like a painter or any other artist, must of necessity imitate one of three objects – things as they were or are, in the past – be it ancient or near – and in the present – as he observes those things around him or those things that are observed by others contemporary to him; things as they are said or thought to be, be they products of philosophical discourse, a study in divinity, or the mythos of a people; or things as they ought to be as often expressed in laments for the state of affairs in a society. The vehicle of expression is language – either current terms or, it may be, rare words or metaphors. There are also many modifications of language which we concede to the poets. Add to this that the standard of correctness is not the same in poetry and politics, any more than in poetry and any other art.
Within the art of poetry itself there are two kinds of faults – those which touch its essence, and those which are of the cause of a lack of advertence. If a poet has chosen to imitate something, but has fallen short through want of capacity, the error is inherent in the poetry. But if the failure is due to a wrong choice – if he has represented a horse as throwing out both his off legs at once, or introduces technical inaccuracies in medicine, for example, or in any other art – the error is not essential to the poetry. These are the points of view from which we should consider and answer the objections raised by the critics.
As to matters which concern the poet‘s own art. If he describes the impossible, he is guilty of an error; but the error may be justified, if the end of the art be thereby attained – if, that is, the effect of this or any other part of the poem is thus rendered more striking. If, however, the end might have been as well, or better, attained without violating the special rules of the poetic art, the error is not justified, for every kind of error should, if possible, be avoided. Again, does the error touch the essentials of the poetic art, or some accident of it? For example, not to know that a hind has no horns is a less serious matter than to paint it inartistically.
Further, if it be objected that the description is not true to fact, the poet may perhaps reply – ―But the objects are as they ought to be‖: just as Sophocles said that he drew men as they ought to be; Euripides, as they are. In this way the objection may be met. If, however, the representation is of neither kind, the poet may answer – "This is how men say the thing is." This applies to tales about the gods. It may well be that these stories are not higher than fact nor yet true to fact. But anyhow, ―"this is what is said." Again, a description may be no better than the fact.
1. Assuming that the poet‘s artistic goals are achieved, the passage implies that which of the following would NOT be an example of a justifiable error?
A. Describing a lioness as a hunter in a metaphor for the behaviour of predatory government officials
B. Using awkward language to create an analogy between a ruler‘s hand as a symbol of authority and a city‘s capitol as a symbol of power
C. Creating anachronistic errors by mentioning inappropriate historical or contemporary events
D. Representing human characters as improbably courageous or strong
E. Comparing soldiers with ancient Greek warriors who could not be killed
A. Describing a lioness as a hunter in a metaphor for the behaviour of predatory government officials
B. Using awkward language to create an analogy between a ruler‘s hand as a symbol of authority and a city‘s capitol as a symbol of power
C. Creating anachronistic errors by mentioning inappropriate historical or contemporary events
D. Representing human characters as improbably courageous or strong
E. Comparing soldiers with ancient Greek warriors who could not be killed
2. The author brings up the ancient Greek poets Sophocles and Euripides to make a point within the passage. According to the information cited in the passage, they differ from each other in that:
A. Euripides‘ characters provide ideal models of human behaviour.
B. Sophocles portrays people as common public opinion supposed them to be.
C. the characters in Sophocles‘ work are meant to inspire improved human behaviour and actions.
D. humans are unfavourably described by Euripides in order to show detrimental behaviour to avoid.
E. one of them makes a much greater use of metaphors than the other
3. The author‘s argument that the poet is ―"an imitator, like a painter or any other artist" suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
A. Different types of creative or aesthetic talent have different means of representation.
B. Creating text and chiselling marble are similar forms of representation.
C. The visual arts are superior to the rhetorical arts.
D. The forms of imitation found in poetry are inefficient.
E. painting is easier than writing poems
Quid Pro Quo
Tones for RC passages
Acerbic - Harsh/ severe; bitter
Aggressive - Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness
Apathetic - Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; inresponsive
Apologetic - Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or w...
Acerbic - Harsh/ severe; bitter
Aggressive - Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness
Apathetic - Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; inresponsive
Apologetic - Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or w...
6
6
Tones for RC passages
Acerbic - Harsh/ severe; bitter
Aggressive - Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness
Apathetic - Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; inresponsive
Apologetic - Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
Belligerent - Aggressively hostile; bellicose
Biased - Favoring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons.
Caustic - Biting; acerbic
Commiserating - Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing
with; pity
Condescending - Patronizing; showing/implying patronizing
descent from dignity/ superiority
Contemptuous - Expressing contempt/ disdain
Cynical - displaying a belief that people are always selfseeking and never altruistic in their actions
Derisive - Unkind and displaying contempt
Disparaging - Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
Dogmatic - Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial
Emotional - Easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing
love, hate, fear and the like
Ethical - Dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous
Euphemistic - Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression
for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
Grandiose - More complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous
Humanistic - Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature,
welfare, values
Humorous - Funny and amusing
Introspective - Consider one's own internal state of feelings
Incendiary - Causing strong feelings
Laudatory - Praising; extolling; applauding
Motivating - Impelling; inciting
Obsequious - Fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering;
deferent
Pedestrian - Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
Populist - Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of
common people/ working class
Provocative - Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
Romantic - Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated
Sarcastic - Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks
Satirical - Ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule
Speculative - Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical
Technical - Using terminology or treating subject matter in a
manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book
Vitriolic - Full of anger and hatred
Vituperative - Cruel and angry criticism
Aggressive - Forceful; tending towards unprovoked offensiveness
Apathetic - Emotionless; not interested/ concerned; indifferent; inresponsive
Apologetic - Expressing remorse, regret, sorrow for having failed, injured, insulted or wronged another
Belligerent - Aggressively hostile; bellicose
Biased - Favoring one thing/person/group over another for personal reasons.
Caustic - Biting; acerbic
Commiserating - Feeling/ expressing sorrow for; empathizing
with; pity
Condescending - Patronizing; showing/implying patronizing
descent from dignity/ superiority
Contemptuous - Expressing contempt/ disdain
Cynical - displaying a belief that people are always selfseeking and never altruistic in their actions
Derisive - Unkind and displaying contempt
Disparaging - Speak slightingly; depreciating; belittling
Dogmatic - Asserting opinions in an arrogant manner; imperious; dictatorial
Emotional - Easily affected by feelings actuated by experiencing
love, hate, fear and the like
Ethical - Dealing with principles of morality; honest; righteous
Euphemistic - Substitution of mild, indirect or vague expression
for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt
Grandiose - More complicated/ elaborated than necessary; pompous
Humanistic - Evincing keen interest in human affairs, nature,
welfare, values
Humorous - Funny and amusing
Introspective - Consider one's own internal state of feelings
Incendiary - Causing strong feelings
Laudatory - Praising; extolling; applauding
Motivating - Impelling; inciting
Obsequious - Fawning; showing servile complaisance; flattering;
deferent
Pedestrian - Lacking vitality, imagination, distinction
Populist - Egalitarian; pertaining to the characteristics of
common people/ working class
Provocative - Inciting; stimulating; irritating; vexing
Romantic - Fanciful; impractical; unrealistic; extravagant; exaggerated
Sarcastic - Harsh, bitter derision; taunting; sneering; cutting remarks
Satirical - Ironical; taunting; human folly held up to scorn/ derision/ ridicule
Speculative - Theoretical rather than practical; thoughtful; reflective; hypothetical
Technical - Using terminology or treating subject matter in a
manner peculiar to a particular field, as a writer or a book
Vitriolic - Full of anger and hatred
Vituperative - Cruel and angry criticism
2013| Converts - BLACK, XL || Joining- IIM A
Consider this :
John sat down. He took a pencil out of his pocket. He wanted to work through some sample CAT question. His pencil was't sharpened. He had a spare pencil. It was sharpened. He was ready to get to work.
bad writing !! correct. Now consider this :
First John sat down and...
John sat down. He took a pencil out of his pocket. He wanted to work through some sample CAT question. His pencil was't sharpened. He had a spare pencil. It was sharpened. He was ready to get to work.
bad writing !! correct. Now consider this :
First John sat down and...
2
2
@siddhantm said:@avichk...was just goin through ur xplanation..one doubt came into my mind..u hve written in ur explanation..dat jst note d keywords and dont concentrate more on the confusing words.."its just to confuse u" ...while reading the given RC how would we know whether its imp or not to put more focus on it ..??may be ders sumthing ahead in relation to such sentences in the coming paras...?pls reply...thnx..!!
Consider this :
John sat down. He took a pencil out of his pocket. He wanted to work through some sample CAT question. His pencil was't sharpened. He had a spare pencil. It was sharpened. He was ready to get to work.
bad writing !! correct. Now consider this :
First John sat down and then he took a pencil out of his pocket. He wanted to work through some sample CAT question but his pencil was't sharpened. Fortunately, he had a spare pencil and since it was sharpened, he was ready to get to work.
See the key words I have used here. Infact, the key words I have used here cannot be determined unless I can understand how the sentence functionally acts. This is from the author's perspective So, for a reader this is a two part process - get the key words, which will in turn help you to understand the functionality of the sentence. Don't worry if you cant understand exact meaning of a sentence at first read. Infact, you don't have to worry about details in any RC, the passage will be there for your reference. Instead you should concentrate on creating a road map, which will be something like a contents of any book for you so that you can find easily the relevant text when needed.
consider this :
1. what can be inferred from the passage about John: ( you must, have to, read the relevant text again, the roadmap and the key word will help you for this ) :
-- he was carrying two pencils. ( correct )
-- he prefer writing with pencil . ( incorrect)
-- he always uses pencil for solving CAT question. ( incorrect)
-- he was also carrying a pen along with two pencils ( incorrect) --- note for the word "fortunate".
hope this helps !!
-- he was carrying two pencils. ( correct )
-- he prefer writing with pencil . ( incorrect)
-- he always uses pencil for solving CAT question. ( incorrect)
-- he was also carrying a pen along with two pencils ( incorrect) --- note for the word "fortunate".
hope this helps !!
i found this rc on this thread , please try this ,i dont have oa
Knowledge originates either in scientific, objective observation of the “real” world, or in emotional, highly
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
dual...
Knowledge originates either in scientific, objective observation of the “real” world, or in emotional, highly
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
dual...
i found this rc on this thread , please try this ,i dont have oa
Knowledge originates either in scientific, objective observation of the “real” world, or in emotional, highly
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
duality. We, can however, question this duality and this involves some border crossing from the territory of
philosophy into the old world of rhetoric that turns to study the particular sites where writing takes place to
explore how writing and persuasion works. From this perspective the structure of a scientific report is not just
a matter of superficial style, but rather a complex stock of argumentative moves or commonplaces that serve
to reinforce and reproduce a view of the world that characterizes the discipline of science. In short, the
“common” topics have become, in their way, as specialized as the “special” topics (or specialized knowledge
that characterizes a particular discipline).
Knowledge is also discovered through dialectic. Knowledge is not created through the isolated self interacting
with the physical world, nor even by groups of selves attempting to achieve Platonic certainty through the
discursive
testing of logical propositions or mathematical axioms. Rather, knowledge is developed communally through the process of making an intelligible world with my fellow human being. Hence we have the
idea of an ongoing conversation with persuasion a necessary means of keeping the conversation (as a form of
social interaction) going.
But how do we influence each other through language? In ‘Why Does Rhetoric Need a Theory of Reading’?
Doug Brent says:
Traditional rhetoric simply had to have faith that an audience could interpret accurately. Rhetoric is traditionally
defined as the art of using language to influence others’ behaviour and belief. This implies that discourse
is
a reasonably reliable means by which one person can affect another. The rhetor must know that what he
puts
into his discourse will be roughly reflected in what the audience takes out. Otherwise persuasion is
meaningless,
for the rhetor has no predictable influence on his audience. To do his job, the rhetor must
believe
human beings act not at random, but rather for reasons that he can predict and use. This assumption,
however,
has been treated simply as an assumption, an article of faith.
51. A suitable title for the passage is
(1) Ways through which knowledge is discovered.
(2) Knowledge can be discovered only through rhetoric.
(3) Rhetoric and the discovery of knowledge.
(4) Traditional Rhetoric and its assumptions.
(5) Philosophy and Rhetoric.
52. The tone of the passage is predominantly
(1) Descriptive (2) Argumentative (3) Analytical
(4) Subjective (5) Skeptical
53. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(1) The ‘duality’ as regards the origin of knowledge takes into account communal interactions.
(2) The effectiveness of Rhetoric as a means to discover knowledge is suspect.
(3) Persuasion is one of the factors which impede the discovery of knowledge through rhetoric.
(4) The Rhetor can influence his audience even if the audience is not interested in what he is saying.
(5) ‘The rhetorical philosophy’ seeks to increase universal brotherhood and universal love.
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
duality. We, can however, question this duality and this involves some border crossing from the territory of
philosophy into the old world of rhetoric that turns to study the particular sites where writing takes place to
explore how writing and persuasion works. From this perspective the structure of a scientific report is not just
a matter of superficial style, but rather a complex stock of argumentative moves or commonplaces that serve
to reinforce and reproduce a view of the world that characterizes the discipline of science. In short, the
“common” topics have become, in their way, as specialized as the “special” topics (or specialized knowledge
that characterizes a particular discipline).
Knowledge is also discovered through dialectic. Knowledge is not created through the isolated self interacting
with the physical world, nor even by groups of selves attempting to achieve Platonic certainty through the
discursive
testing of logical propositions or mathematical axioms. Rather, knowledge is developed communally through the process of making an intelligible world with my fellow human being. Hence we have the
idea of an ongoing conversation with persuasion a necessary means of keeping the conversation (as a form of
social interaction) going.
But how do we influence each other through language? In ‘Why Does Rhetoric Need a Theory of Reading’?
Doug Brent says:
Traditional rhetoric simply had to have faith that an audience could interpret accurately. Rhetoric is traditionally
defined as the art of using language to influence others’ behaviour and belief. This implies that discourse
is
a reasonably reliable means by which one person can affect another. The rhetor must know that what he
puts
into his discourse will be roughly reflected in what the audience takes out. Otherwise persuasion is
meaningless,
for the rhetor has no predictable influence on his audience. To do his job, the rhetor must
believe
human beings act not at random, but rather for reasons that he can predict and use. This assumption,
however,
has been treated simply as an assumption, an article of faith.
51. A suitable title for the passage is
(1) Ways through which knowledge is discovered.
(2) Knowledge can be discovered only through rhetoric.
(3) Rhetoric and the discovery of knowledge.
(4) Traditional Rhetoric and its assumptions.
(5) Philosophy and Rhetoric.
52. The tone of the passage is predominantly
(1) Descriptive (2) Argumentative (3) Analytical
(4) Subjective (5) Skeptical
53. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(1) The ‘duality’ as regards the origin of knowledge takes into account communal interactions.
(2) The effectiveness of Rhetoric as a means to discover knowledge is suspect.
(3) Persuasion is one of the factors which impede the discovery of knowledge through rhetoric.
(4) The Rhetor can influence his audience even if the audience is not interested in what he is saying.
(5) ‘The rhetorical philosophy’ seeks to increase universal brotherhood and universal love.
He that goes to the law for a sheep,will be apt to loose a cow
@avichk...was just goin through ur xplanation..one doubt came into my mind..u hve written in ur explanation..dat jst note d keywords and dont concentrate more on the confusing words.."its just to confuse u" ...while reading the given RC how would we know whether its imp or not to put more focus o...
@avichk...was just goin through ur xplanation..one doubt came into my mind..u hve written in ur explanation..dat jst note d keywords and dont concentrate more on the confusing words.."its just to confuse u" ...while reading the given RC how would we know whether its imp or not to put more focus on it ..??may be ders sumthing ahead in relation to such sentences in the coming paras...?
pls reply...thnx..!!
pls reply...thnx..!!
OA RC-228
1) C
2) C
3) B
Rock onn!!
@sundip Bhai wats the OA for this?? RC228
That's very kind to all of you for helping cat aspirants. Last year too, seniors helped a lot.
That's very kind to all of you for helping cat aspirants. Last year too, seniors helped a lot.
Can anyone help differentiating between various different tones -1. Critical2. Satirical3. Analytical4. Cynical5. Sardonic.... etc-etc
If you know any more, let know.. tia
If you know any more, let know.. tia
Can anyone help differentiating between various different tones -
1. Critical
2. Satirical
3. Analytical
4. Cynical
5. Sardonic.... etc-etc
If you know any more, let know.. tia
@avik.ch @abhibeloved ... Thanks a lot .. i am hoping to do my best in VA section.. :)
1
1
@avik.ch @abhibeloved ... Thanks a lot .. i am hoping to do my best in VA section.. :)
since your exam is just few days away, you cant change your strategy all of a sudden. but the source of the problem arises from two aspect : 1. one can't understand the passage - active reading vs passive reading.2. one can't understand how questions work - inference vs detail, main point vs pur...
2
2
@Vedika7 said:Hi ,,I heard that RC's are very tough.. Can anyone please tell me how to tackle the RC section in VA??? some tip.... !!! it will be of great help...i am quite good in VA section.. but i am getting scared of the RC's....pleas help anybody...!!! i have my CAT next week...
since your exam is just few days away, you cant change your strategy all of a sudden. but the source of the problem arises from two aspect :
1. one can't understand the passage - active reading vs passive reading.
2. one can't understand how questions work - inference vs detail, main point vs purpose - each of them need separate approach.
let me issue the first one ( the most important one ) : you have to look for key words (strategic reading ) :
philosophers of science have not been alone in claiming that science must consist of universal laws. ( note the key words - they are there to guide you and anticipate what's coming next )
"philosophers" of science have not "been alone" in claiming that science must consist of universal laws.
1. this point the philosopher's view
2. "alone" - there are many others with same view - and the author is going to discuss this soon - prediction.
now, check the second line -
Some "evolutionary biologist" have also "acceded" to the general intellectual disdain for the merely particular and tried to emulate physicist, constructing their science as a set of universal law.
1. our prediction matched.
2. all you have to note - evolutionary biologist and philosophers hold the same view. Don't worry about the confusing language here - they are here to confuse you.
(source : LSAT Preptest 35 )
you have to predict and read - this anticipation will not only help you to be a good reader but also a efficient reader.
the only thing that you can do in this few days is to practice reading effectively and analyze your error. Don't try to adopt a whole new strategy !!
All the best !!
I am attaching a file. go through it. And One more thing start reading books, articles specially like related economics, psychology etc etc. Newspaper of course. That'll help in increasing your reading speed and at the same time you'll be used to of it so you wont get yawn while reading RC in exa...
2
2
@Vedika7 said:Hi ,,I heard that RC's are very tough.. Can anyone please tell me how to tackle the RC section in VA??? some tip.... !!! it will be of great help...i am quite good in VA section.. but i am getting scared of the RC's....pleas help anybody...!!! i have my CAT next week...
I am attaching a file. go through it.
And One more thing start reading books, articles specially like related economics, psychology etc etc. Newspaper of course. That'll help in increasing your reading speed and at the same time you'll be used to of it so you wont get yawn while reading RC in exam :mg:
Though I am not good at RC but thought to share things.
Hope it helps!! 
"I may be having the worst phase of my life, BUT I WILL NOT QUIT"
Hi ,,I heard that RC's are very tough.. Can anyone please tell me how to tackle the RC section in VA??? some tip.... !!! it will be of great help...i am quite good in VA section.. but i am getting scared of the RC's....pleas help anybody...!!! i have my CAT next week...
Hi ,,
I heard that RC's are very tough.. Can anyone please tell me how to tackle the RC section in VA??? some tip.... !!! it will be of great help...
i am quite good in VA section.. but i am getting scared of the RC's....
pleas help anybody...!!! i have my CAT next week...
Set-228
A
C
B
"I may be having the worst phase of my life, BUT I WILL NOT QUIT"
228: C (or A?), C, B.
Saumya
SET 228
C
C
B
If you want to be the best...You got to take out the Best.
RC 228
C
C
B
Dream as if you'll live forever; Live as if you'll die today!
No fool like an old fool. http://www.pagalguy.com/forums/cat-and-related-bschools/pagalguy-dream-team-2012-t-83955/p-3594200/r-4344097
RC 228 :-In the closing pages of A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking took a sideswipe at contemporary philosophy, arguing that it has been reduced to an analysis of language. In his haste to dismiss philosophy he allowed himself to misunderstand not only language but the nature of the world. ...
RC 228 :-
In the closing pages of A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking took a sideswipe at contemporary philosophy, arguing that it has been reduced to an analysis of language. In his haste to dismiss philosophy he allowed himself to misunderstand not only language but the nature of the world. Hawking makes the simple error of assuming that the world and our descriptions of it might be one and the same. In our descriptions of the world we divide it into things: trees and houses, people and events, stars and planets, atoms and molecules. But the world is not a thing or a combination of things, for these categories-these closures, as I call them-are the outcome of our descriptions. Instead, the world is open and it is we who close it. Through our closures we grasp the openness of the world as things, and out of these things we build stories and models through which we are able to intervene. But these stories and models are not the world, nor could they in principle come close to being the world.
The world does not come pre-packaged and divided into its parts. We are not in a cosmic supermarket identifying cling-wrapped items of reality. Instead we find ourselves in openness, and in order to make sense of it, to have some means of intervening to certain effect, we realise closure. We do not form our closures in a vacuum. We find ourselves in a network of linguistic closures already realised and handed down by our culture from generation to generation. As biological organisms, we are already set up, through evolution, to generate certain types of sensory closure. These biological and cultural systems of closure have been adopted because they prove useful, not because they are true.
Current theories of astrophysics, with tales of the big bang, black holes and antimatter, have the feel of science fiction. And in a sense that is what they are: the stories of contemporary science. These stories are not unconstrained; they do not allow anything to be said. For the stories of science have an internal logic which drives them forward. They are often useful. We live by our closures. But we should not imagine that we have thereby captured the secrets of the universe. Nor should we suppose that there are not countless alternatives, offering other ways of holding the world that may be equally valid.
The closures of contemporary science appear to be unavoidable because they take their place in a system of closures that has been built and defended over centuries. When Hawking describes the universe as a vast array of galaxies exploding into the emptiness of space propelled by the energy from the original big bang, it is the outcome of a history of preceding closures, which combine to make it look as if Hawking’s closure is the only available option. Yet there are other options, at every level of the account, from the tiniest detail to the most general theory; options that would grasp openness differently in some respect, that would draw attention to different patterns and different connections, and which would as a consequence offer different ways of intervening and to different purposes.
1) Which of the following statements is the thematic highlight of this passage?
a)Contemporary theories categorise various things in the world.
b)Science has no monopoly on truth.
c)Our closures help us grasp the openness of the world.
d)The effect of openness on science.
e)Stories help us understand the world.
2) It has been claimed in the passage that “Current theories of astrophysics, with tales of the big bang, black holes and antimatter, have the feel of science fiction.” According to the passage, which of the following seem(s) appropriate reason(s) for such a claim?
A. We feel that we have captured the secret of the universe.
B. Biological and cultural systems of closure have been adopted because they are credible.
C. These are stories of contemporary science which are useful; not necessarily true.
a)A only
b)B only
c)C only
d)A & B
e)A & C
3) What does the term ‘closures’ allude to in the passage?
a)An offshoot of our perceptions.
b)An outcome of our descriptions.
c)A combination of things.
d)A result of our experiments.
e)A show of contemporary philosophy.
Happy Catting 
Rock onn!!
@sundip
can u give the source for rc-226-the lokpal one..
i felt the passage was put up by a group 'india against corruption' emphasing the need for more efective measures than just lokpal
but oa is bit different
can u give the source for rc-226-the lokpal one..
i felt the passage was put up by a group 'india against corruption' emphasing the need for more efective measures than just lokpal
but oa is bit different
@sundip
can u give the source for rc-226-the lokpal one..
i felt the passage was put up by a group 'india against corruption' emphasing the need for more efective measures than just lokpal
but oa is bit different
can u give the source for rc-226-the lokpal one..
i felt the passage was put up by a group 'india against corruption' emphasing the need for more efective measures than just lokpal
but oa is bit different
i will adapt.. as simple as that.. other than that ..might be starting for new season soon..