Why are functions of basis function similar to each other?

@devansh1221 said:

Can anyone post something on WiMax?

Can anyone post something on WiMax?

What is the difference between a Laptop and a Notepad. Explain in Electronic design.

@retry

@Omkarp

yeh dekho .. not sure how much it'll help
I am in no position to explain any acads to a panel .. only know basic phenomena behind these devices

1. Explain the working of a diode.
Diodes are devices that allow current to flow in one direction but oppose flow in the reverse direction. Could restate it as having low resistance in one direction/ high resistance in opposite. Most common forms of diodes are LEDs, Zener diodes, p-n junction diodes.

LEDs when biased have carriers re-combining. This results in them reaching lower/more stable energy states from their earlier states when they were separated. The energy released when reaching the more stable states is seen in the form of EM radiation of different frequencies .. this can be blue/red/UV/IR ..

p-n junction diodes contain two separate regions of semiconductor material doped differently to setup the p/n regions. They aren't joined together. The junction is where a depletion region is created by the re-combination of holes and electrons. This is what allows carriers to flow through easily in one direction and opposes the flow in the opposite.

Zener diode is an extension of this in that it will allow current to flow in the opposite direction at a reduced reverse biased voltage. This is where it is used to protect circuits. The phenomeon is Zener breakdown where a voltage difference over the small depletion region results in a large electric field which pulls out carriers in the opposite direction ( something similar to corona discharge, lightning .. might be an oversimplification .. ). Avalanche breakdown is also similar to this and both phenomenon occur at the same time. The difference between the two diodes is that ADs maintain a small voltage across them in breakdown but ZDs don't. Not very sure about this in more detail ..

Schottky diodes are also somewhat similar to p-ns but they have additional metal/silicon junction that gives faster switching times ... you could mention bias voltages of diodes .. silicon 0.7V, germanium 0.3V, SD 0.15V etc ..

2. Explain Zener diode, knee voltage, breakdown voltage. Applications.
Breakdown voltage is that voltage at which an insulator starts conducting. The limit in Zener diodes is Zener voltage .. avalanche point and all such terms are similar to this. Insulating material is ionized by application of strong voltage. Avalanche in diodes, Corona in fluids, Lightning/sparks in air ..

ZDs could be used to protect circuits from unexpected surges by placing them in reverse bias .. When a surge happens, it will breakdown because of its design easily, allow current to pass through it easily, protect the circuit. Current won't flow through the circuit because it will offer more resistance to current than your reverse biased ZD ..

3. Explain Impatt, Schottky, and Tunnel diode. Applications.
IMPATT, Tunnel used in high frequency electronics. iske aage jyada nahi pata ..
IMPATT uses the fact that an electron when accelerated to impact an atom can knock out an electron from it ... thus causing an avalanche effect

Tunnel diodes have a very thin p-n junction that allows quantum tunneling to kick in ..
iske jyada kahan kaise use hota hai .. pata nahi .. TBH never studied about them in any detail ..

5. What are Flip Flops?
Basic elements of memory .. bistable electronic device .. state can be controlled either by changing the level of input ( as in latches ) or my the edge of the input ( as in flip flops ) .. mostly basic wikipedia stuff ..

Frequently asked questions to me in interviews:

@sarvshwet The basics of engineering won't change. Thanks for sharing!

1.What do 0 and 1 in digital signify?
2.What are the different number system used in digital electronics?-IIM k

@sarvshwet said:

@abhiabhi15 here you go...but this file was made in 2007-08 not really sure if its still useful

@abhiabhi15

@abhiabhi15 said:

@sarvshwet not able to download.. xml problem.. please pm me .. TIA!!

@sarvshwet said:

had worked hard to collect a lot many question and answers for our field.....am uploading the entire ducument here.....its a 39 page long document....hope it helps some ppl.........

very helpful thread ..thank u all:)

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bitmicroprocessor introduced by Intel in 1977. It was binary compatible with the more-famous Intel 8080 but required less supporting hardware, thus allowing simpler and less expensive microcomputer systems to be built.
The "5" in the model number came from the fact that the 8085 requires only a +5-volt (V) power supply rather than the +5V, âˆ'5V and +12V supplies the 8080 needed. Both processors were sometimes used in computers running the CP/M operating system, and the 8085 also saw use as amicrocontroller, by virtue of its low component count. Both designs were eclipsed for desktop computers by the compatible Zilog Z80, which took over most of the CP/M computer market as well as taking a share of the booming home computer market in the early-to-mid-1980s.

Nice

CrookBond Says

A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or two-phase systems at the same voltage (wiki)

Add to it that in a 3 phase system, one of the 3 phases is near it peak value at any moment of time. However, in a 2 phase or a single phase system, there are moments where you have zero values at some instant. A 4 phase system could also provide what a 3 phase can, however, there is very little gain and it also needs an extra wire for transmission. That's what makes a 3 phase system more ideal than the rest

3) Dont remember much, but I guess HLR is used for roaming and VLR is used for tracking. (this is wrong shayad :p).

HLR = Home Location Register. Associated with an MSC. Every cell user has a home circle, and the HLR connected to the MSC in the home circle has ur details.

VLR = When roaming to a different MSC (circle) the details need to be passed on to the MSC you are visiting. But how that MSC will know you are visitor? It will take details from HLR of your home MSC and copy the temporary TMSI nos etc into it's own VLR :)

Every MSC has an HLR and a VLR

CrookBond Says

A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or two-phase systems at the same voltage (wiki)

well, then why dont we use 5phase or higher for transmission??? :::|::

1. how do you make two 2 submarines under water communicate with each other?

2. What is an antenna? what shud be the ideal length of an antenna to receive a good signal strength.

3. what are HLR and VLR?

1) Radio waves have a prob travelling through salt water, so the best solution is to raise the antenna above water and then carry on with the communication.
Otherwise there are several methods like:-
(i) Acoustic transmission - These use hydrophones.
(ii) VLF(very low freq) radio waves are sometimes used, but these prove ineffective at greater depths. For this VLF are replaced by ELF(extremely low frequency) radio waves which are effective at operating depths of the submarine.
(iii) Most effective i guess is the satellite communication as is the most widespread, wherein UHF, VHF and HF are used.

2) Antenna - An electrical device that converts Electrical currents into radio signals.
Length ka I dont remember dhang se, but a dipole antenna has two conductors going in opposite direction, and half-wavelength long.

3) Dont remember much, but I guess HLR is used for roaming and VLR is used for tracking. (this is wrong shayad :p).

1. how do you make two 2 submarines under water communicate with each other?

2. What is an antenna? what shud be the ideal length of an antenna to receive a good signal strength.

3. what are HLR and VLR?

Mr Ar Says

why do we use 3phase for power transmission? Anybody knows this answer?

A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or two-phase systems at the same voltage (wiki)

oh!great thread.was looking out for something like this.
:cheers:

useful thread

why do we use 3phase for power transmission? Anybody knows this answer?

Moore's law: The no. of Transistors Doubles every 18 months in an IC

Damn great thread

gr8 work buddy...thanks...

Some of the questions I got this season in interviews are

1. What is hole theory?
2. What is avalanche effect?
3. Difference between CDMA and GSM?
4. What is GPRS? How does it work?
5. Have you heard of 4th generation mobile techlogy?
6. What is S/N ratio?
7. What is transponder?
8. What are the types of soldering?


Will add a few as I remember them...

Please post some good links if u can find ...

with inc rev bias elctrc field across p-n jn inc. at a certain rev bias the field imparts sufficient energy to a thermally gen carrie in crossing d jn. the carrier on colldng with a crystal ion on its way, disrupts a covlnt bnd prdcng nu elctron-hole pair. this process is cumulative nd produces an AVALANCHE of carriers in shprt tym, hence called avalanche effct. :)

little effort frm a to-be 2nd yr ECEian. hope dis helps.

Is there any1 who knows d logic for selection sort using 8085....

G!XX3R Says

Why does BBC radio reach all parts of the globe and not FM

BBC World Service - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Why does BBC radio reach all parts of the globe and not FM

hi everyone
i need some help
i m goin for the xime interview and they r into asking questions abt the electronics sector in india
questions like which is the largest indian electronics company ? which is largest electronics company in india ? etc r very common
if anyone has any material related to the current scenario of the electronics sector in india ... plz post
i would be very grateful

hi all,

can you tell me any famous personality from Electronics background whom i can talk about in he interview?
( offcourse he should have an MBA, otherwise cross question will start coming...)

G!XX3R Says

Can any 1 explain the real technology behind 3G ?

3G - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Compared to the older 2G and 2.5G standards, a 3G system must provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s according to the IMT-2000 specification. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to laptop computers and smartphones.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:

The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
The TD-SCDMA radio interface, was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China.
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams.

Can any 1 explain the real technology behind 3G ?

Please enter your PG credential and then download......(as many are unable to download)

sarvshwet has posted a pdf on page 4 of this forum. But i can't download it...

http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/prep-resources/21387-electronics-communication-engineering-core-interview-4.html

somebody plz help

Click and then download....

Not able to download this link.. :(
http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/prep-r...terview-4.html (Electronics and communication engineering core interview questions.)

Not able to download

http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/prep-r...terview-4.html (Electronics and communication engineering core interview questions.)

Please help me

NE 1 from Electronics and Instrumentation ?
please through sime good instrumentation question .

Q: What is the difference between latch and flip-flop?
A: Latch is level triggered and flip-flop is edge triggered.

heba203 Says

thankkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkks

hi as you are new to PG, i would suggest you use the "thanks" button provided instead of posting.....:D

thankkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkks

does anybody know about fuzzy logic??/
m not getting it from wikipedia...

Fuzzy logic is basically about dealing with not only 0 or 1 but also values in between them i.e.floating values...!!

can ne1 put up list of technical questions asked in IIT MBA interviews regarding EC??

You did get it on Wiki ? See this Fuzzy logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
If you want to know more on Fuzzy logic, Neural Networks & Genetic Algorithms, visit NPTel Video Course

Hope it helps you.

does anybody know about fuzzy logic??/
m not getting it from wikipedia...

does anybody know about fuzzy logic??/
m not getting it from wikipedia...

sarvshwet has posted a pdf on page 4 of this forum. But i can't download it...

http://www.pagalguy.com/forum/prep-resources/21387-electronics-communication-engineering-core-interview-4.html

somebody plz help

I had gone till Microsoft's technical round 2...in my colg...
i was asked (apart from other questions...) whats better photo diode or solar cell ? i had said photo diode...( taking a wild guess based on few reasons )
can any1 answer it correctly and explain why ?

Some Important topics in Electrical Engineering

Machines and power systems - make sure that your basics are clear in these, no need to go deep into the subject. Microprocessor, with basic knowledge in latest technologies. Analog design and developmentmethods. Digital circuits. Questions on seminar, industrial training and project.

Some Important topics in Electronics Engineering

Digital Electronic: Karnaugh maps,state machine, sequences generator, flip flop conversions, different logic families, different types of memory, designing of circuits for a given problem using state machines, flip flops etc. Communications Systems: PAM, PCM, ADPCM, DM Quantization, errors in each type of system and basic principles involved. Microprocessors: Architecture, registers, comparison between 8086 and higher processors, assembly language programming, segmentation of memory, peripherals devices (8255, 8259 etc) control words. Electro-magnetic theory: Transmission line (delays, impedance matching). Linear integrated circuits: Basics of op amps, comparators, transducers (different types and their principles and applications). Electronic devices and circuits.

These are some(of course i accept they are a lot but puy log seat chahiye tho padni/prepare tho hona hi padega) questions on Electronics engineering subjects..
Some these questions may have been posted in the previous posts
these are a collection of questions which have been asked across in PI's across various institutes

What are Flip flops and explain their working?
Differentiate between flip-flops and latches.
What is totem pole?
What is the mode of transmission of TV signals?
Draw the internal circuit of 8085 microprocessor.
What is a bit? What is CMOS?
What is the bandwidth of FM?
As an electronics engineer, how would you distinguish between paper money and digital money?
What is modem? Draw its internal diagram.
Obtain a square wave from a sine wave form Zener diodes.
What is difference between oscillator and multivibrator?
What is blue tooth and WAP?
What are trappatt arid impatt diodes?
What is emitter follower?
Give the electromagnetic equations in the order of discovery.
Find the transfer function of a given RLC circuit.
What happens when you type user-name and password while logging on to a Unix system?
Draw the circuit for an adder using NAND gates.
Explain internal organization of memory chips.
What are the different types of control systems?
Explain open loop with block diagram examples.
What are the advantages of closed loop?
How can you design a stable system?
Explain different stability criteria.
Explain Ruthz-Hervitz rule in one sentence.
What are poles and their significance?
Is there any control system in this room (interview hall)?
What is Karnaugh map?
What are the 4 methods to reduce a Boolean expression?
Draw 8086 internal architecture.
What are the different types of buses?
What are the different registers in CPU?
What is the use of segment register?
Which is the 1st 32-bit microprocessor?
What are the different UPS?
Compare 8086 and 80286.
Explain the internal architecture of 8086.
What do you know about antennas?
Define control system. Why are control systems so important?
Draw the block diagram of a control system and write its transfer function.
What is ROC?
Transformation between S and Z plane.
What is wave studio?
What is bit rate?
What is the difference between mp3 and wave formats?
What is sampling?
How do you damp noises and jerks in recording?
What is Winamp?
What are plugins?
Explain the functioning of an OP-AMP.
What is the difference between input and output plugins?
What do you know about CD writing?
How do you mix BGM? What is its procedure?
What is bus?
What do you mean by 20-bit address bus?
What is the ideal gain of an opamp?
What is a database?
What is the database software that is proprietary of IBM?
What is the difference between half adder and full adder?
Implement a half adder and a full adder.
What is packet switching and circuit switching?
What is VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)?
What types of communications do you know?
Explain various types of digital communication.
Explain the structure of MOSFET - where and why they are preferred.
How is amplification possible in a transistor?
Classify power amplifiers (A, B, AB).
What is doping?
Describe DMA controllers.
What is the protocol used in telephone network?
Explain different types of switching.
How many pins are there in 8086?
What is the most important advantage of blue tooth?
Which is the universal flip-flop?
What are interrupts? How will you set an interrupt?
What is Dynamic Memory Access?
What is SRAM, DRAM? Compare the two, relative cost of the two.
What will happen in case of a power failure for the above?
What is modulation? What are the different modulation techniques?
What is FM, PM and AM? Compare the three and what happens in them?
Which waves will travel longer distance - FM or AM?
What is a thyristor? Differentiate between thyristor and diode.
Explain the witching action of SCR and triggering.
Draw the diagram of thyristor.
Advantage of CMOS and TTL.
What technology is used in cmos logic?
What are VLSI and ULSI? What is the number of components in both?
How many components are there in the Pentium processor that we use?
Which is the latest Pentium processor? What is its speed?
Explain the technology used in the manufacture of Pentium processor.
Design a decade counter.
Explain asynchronous and synchronous counter.
Minimize function using Quine McCluskey: f = xy + x'y + yz + x' y 'z'.
What is a prime implicant?
How does a diode look (internally)? Explain working using internal diagram.
Explain processes taking place in the depletion junction of a forward biased diode.
What is an op amp?
What is a buffer? what is the gain of a buffer?
What is an oscillator?
How do you forward bias a transistor?
What are the practical applications of transistors?
What is reverse recovery time and how does it affect a diode?
What is a compiler?
How can you test a compiler with certain boundary conditions?
What is VHDL?
What is FSF? What do you know about it? Any current relevance?
Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control systems?
Draw and explain the working of a monostable vibrator using op-amp.
State Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem. What is their application?
What is the mathematics used in DSP and from which domain to which domain is signal converted?
Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor.
Draw an internal block diagram of a normal voltage stabilizer.
What is a reference variable?
Volume control in TV is logarithmic. Why?
Does MATLAB have an interpreter or a compiler?
What do you know about segmentation of memory in 8086?
What is virtual memory?
Differentiate between macros and functions in C.
Explain the significance of electromagnetic interference in PCBs and computer boards.
What are the various pin connections to peripherals, memory and interrupts?
Draw a rough diagram of a mother board using 8086 with relevant connections.
What is the tri-state or high impedance state?
What are the differences between open collector output and totem pole output?
Find the highest clocking frequency of a digital circuit given the rise time, fall time and propagation delay?
Implement Boolean expression using MUX (2 to 4, 3 to 8 etc).
Draw the state graphs of a given problem like sequence generator, flip flops etc.
Why is the accumulator called so?
How can we implement a stack?
Construct a D flip flop from a T flip flop.
What is virtual ground in an opamp?
Why is uplinking frequency higher than down linking frequency?
Explain the booting procedure of a computer?
What is metastable state in flip-flops?
What is round robin technique of interrupt arbitration?
What is avalanche breakdown? When does it occur?
Explain the operation of a zener diode.

These are some(of course i accept they are a lot but puy log seat chahiye tho padni/prepare tho hona hi padega) questions on Electrical engineering subjects..
Some these questions may have been posted in the previous posts
these are a collection of questions which have been asked across in PI's across various institutes


What is the difference between neutral and earth?
Why is alternating current used for transmission?
What is corona?
What is skin effect?
Why is the voltage stepped up before transmission?
What are the standard transmission and distribution voltages?
Explain transmission and distribution systems?
What are lightning arrestors?
What is the difference between an insulator and a dielectric?
Explain the principle of operation of relay and a circuit breaker?
What is 3-phase supply?
What is a busbar?
What are the disadvantages of low power factor?
What is arc formation?
Why do we require protection against lightening?
What is substation?
What is grading of a cable?
What are transmission cables made of?
What is the purpose of a fuse?
Explain the power rating of this bulb, say 60W, what if the voltage changes?
Why is the earth pin in a 3-pin plug the longest and the thickest?
Which is the motor used in fan?
Explain the basic operation of dc motor / generator, induction motor, synchronous motor, stepper motor, and repulsion motor.
What is hysteresis loss?
Why do we use a starter for a dc Motor?
What are back emf, commutation, armature reaction, stray losses; and breakdown torque?
Why is an induction motor called a rotating transformer?
What is slip?
What is the purpose of compensating winding?
What will happen if you supply a fan with dc?
What is cogging and crawling?
Why shouldn't you start a shunt motor on a heavy load?
What are dummy coils?
What are CT and PT?
What is voltage build up of a generator?
What is a universal motor?
Why is transformer rating in KVA?
What is voltage regulation?
Why is transformer flux constant?
Why is an induction motor used for most domestic applications?
What is regenerative braking?
Give an example where a transformer is used in a dc application.
What is the problem with a fan that does not rotate unless rotated manually to start?
What are brushless alternators?
What are equalizer rings used for?
What are interpoles used for?
What is eddy current loss?
What is plugging of an induction motor?
What is the principle of operation in a tube light?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of compact fluorescent lamps?
Which is more dangerous - shock due to ac or dc?
What is an UPS?
What is the approximate power production capacity of India / Kerala?
Explain the principle of dc motor.
Explain the uses of servomotor.
How do you specify the rating of transformer?
How is speed control of ac motors achieved?
Differentiate MC and MI instruments.
What are integrating instruments? Give examples?
Explain PLL circuits.
How do you convert fixed ac to variable dc?
What is the purpose of testing thyristors in speed control of drives?
What are the uses of Schmidt trigger circuits?
How can you eliminate noise in digital circuits?
Explain low pass filter?
How is the alternator synchronized to the main busbar?
What is a Scott connected transformer?
What is commutation in dc machines?
What are damper windings?
What are cooling methods used to cool a transformer?
Can you start a series motor without load? If no, why?
Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
What is R model of a circuit?
What is specified in synchronous watts?
How are lines affected due to switching operations?
Is there any difference between the circuit breakers and the isolators?
What do we prefer, overhead cables or underground cables?
Is corona more in dc lines or ac lines?
Are single induction motors self-starting?
In a delta connected circuit are 3rd harmonics present?
What is a shunt?
What is phase swinging?
What is phase margin?
What type of motor is needed in hoists?
What is IDMT?
What is current chopping?
Which circuit breaker uses current chopping circuit?
Can an inverter be used as a converter? How?
What are the types of faults that can occur in a 3-phase line?
What is a ground line?
What is form factor?
What is an oscillator?
Does an oscillator have input? If so, draw it?
What is modulation?
How do you start an induction motor?
Which type of luminance has greater visibility - GLS or FL?
How would you conserve electricity at home, being an electrical engineer?
What is the generating voltage in India?
Which generating station in Kerala has the largest capacity?
Which is the oldest generating station in Kerala?
What is SEADA?
Why do we use a wave trap, draw the circuit?
What is power line communication?
What is the difference between an overcurrent relay and a fuse?
How can you control the output voltage in an inverter and converter?
How can you decrease the harmonics in a wave form?
What are travelling waves?
What is the general industrial power factor in India?
What is diversity factor?
Why is the wave form sinusoidal?
Give some practical applications of variable resistance.
Explain the working of a ceiling fan?
What are the equipment in a substation?
What are instrument transformers?
Name the thyristor that can be turned off by applying signals to its gate terminal.
What is the significance of having 11KV as the generation voltage?
Explain the effect of a free wheeling diode.
What is a page hit?
What is cache memory?
What do the three pins of a socket represent?
Explain basic circuitry of voltage stabilizer.
How do you drive a motor using 8085 microprocessor?
How does a tester work?
How is magnetic field intensity calculated in the vicinity of a current carrying wire?

My First posy on this thread:

Though a simple question: Explain 555Timer and its application

Hey
Excellent thread!

Some of the common questions I have come across are -

1) Nyquist equation and sampling related.
2) FSK, PSK
3) basic P-N junction diode and triode and related questions.
4) OSI layers, ISDN nd amplitude/frequency modulation. Also time div nd freq div multiplexing.

Kindly pool in more questions so we can have a good list of topics to go through before the interviews!

a very common question for EC engineer will be about the spectrum bandwidth,what is #G wat is 2G and so on..again the Data Communication by forozen book can be used for surface reading.

How many states does signal has ?
there are 3 states in a signal: on state, off state, tri state

2.which software is used to design a software IC using VHDL
altera

3.How many type of resistances are there in a diode
Two, one when forward biased have zero resistance and the other when reverse biased has infinite resistance

4. What type of architecture is used in 8085 microprocessor?
Von-Neumann architecture

5.What are semiconductor devices
A semiconductor device is a device which has a pn junction in it.Ex. Diode, transistor.
Basically they are different in conduction property. these materials are not conductors by default they become conductors in some cicumstances like, increase in temperature or difference in the charge density, etc.
Germanium and silicon are the best examples of semiconductors...

semiconductor does not necessarily require a pn junction i think.
its actually a semiconductor because it has conductivity between that of a conductor and insulator and also changes with the increase in temperature.

semiconductor does not necessarily require a pn junction i think.
its actually a semiconductor because it has conductivity between that of a conductor and insulator and also changes with the increase in temperature.

HI,
saw this gem of a thread.
with the GD/Pi season now let us all electronics/electornics and communicaitons engineers contribute to this thread.


P.S now that i am blowing the bugle on this thread i shud come up with some questions .
will compile a list of few questions i was grilled on in the last season very soon and post here.
request puys to set the ball rolling meanwhile